{"id":36322,"date":"2026-10-15T07:50:00","date_gmt":"2026-10-15T05:50:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/?p=36322"},"modified":"2026-10-15T10:37:28","modified_gmt":"2026-10-15T08:37:28","slug":"heinz-altschul-georg-auer-arthur-west","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/heinz-altschul-georg-auer-arthur-west\/","title":{"rendered":"Heinz Altschul &#8211; Georg Auer &#8211; Arthur West"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.elementor-1602 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5613107{--display:flex;--flex-direction:row;--container-widget-width:initial;--container-widget-height:100%;--container-widget-flex-grow:1;--container-widget-align-self:stretch;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--justify-content:space-around;--flex-wrap:wrap;--margin-top:0px;--margin-bottom:0px;--margin-left:0px;--margin-right:0px;--padding-top:60px;--padding-bottom:60px;--padding-left:5px;--padding-right:5px;}.elementor-1602 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data-widget_type=\"loop-carousel.post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper elementor-loop-container elementor-grid\" role=\"list\" dir=\"ltr\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-wrapper\" aria-live=\"off\">\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-1582\">.elementor-1582 .elementor-element.elementor-element-973247a{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--gap:8px 8px;--row-gap:8px;--column-gap:8px;--margin-top:0px;--margin-bottom:0px;--margin-left:0px;--margin-right:0px;--padding-top:0px;--padding-bottom:0px;--padding-left:0px;--padding-right:0px;}.elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image .widget-image-caption{color:var( --e-global-color-text );font-family:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-size:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-size );font-weight:var( 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theme-post-featured-image, class: .elementor-element-b2f8aff *\/.elementor-1582 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b2f8aff img{\n    aspect-ratio: 1\/1 !important;\n}\/* End custom CSS *\/\n\/* Start custom CSS for theme-post-title, class: .elementor-element-97f6239 *\/.menu-pic:hover h4{\n    color: #D45847 !important;\n}\n\n.elementor-1582 .elementor-element.elementor-element-97f6239 h4 a{\n    font-family: 'Satoshi' !important;\n}\n\n.elementor-1582 .elementor-element.elementor-element-97f6239{\n    cursor: pointer;\n    text-decoration: none !important;\n}\n\n.elementor-1582 .elementor-element.elementor-element-97f6239:hover{\n     color: #D45847 !important;\n}\n\na{\n    text-decoration: none !important;\n}\/* End custom CSS *\/<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-11667 post-11667 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-berlin-en tag-exil-en tag-franz-lebrecht-en tag-hay-en tag-heinz-dehn-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-ida-dehn-en tag-internment tag-kitchener-camp-en tag-leberecht-dehn-en tag-tatura-en tag-united-kingom\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/DehnHeinz-bio-rb7ijmicxjt0bxw6h9zu2cz4s8o6z9vivt8v9s0o28.webp\" title=\"DehnHeinz-bio\" alt=\"Heinz Dehn 1974. Foto: J\u00fcrgen Henschel, Familienarchiv Dehn.\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/heinz-dehn\/\">Heinz Dehn<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-13287 post-13287 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-8th-australian-employment-company-en tag-australia tag-buchenwald-concentration-camp tag-dachau-concentration-camp tag-exil-en tag-franz-lebrecht-en tag-hildegard-berndt-en tag-holocaust-en tag-lichtenburg-concentration-camp tag-mainz-mayence tag-rosa-luxemburg-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/FranzLebrecht-bio-qgi0ad2u4qi6jspdspp0om8va49qzm9bsrr6lpu6kw.webp\" title=\"FranzLebrecht-bio\" alt=\"FranzLebrecht-bio\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/franz-lebrecht\/\">Franz Lebrecht<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-11502 post-11502 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-exil-en tag-hannover-en tag-holocaust-en tag-ida-dehn-en tag-the-nussbaum-family\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/nussbaum-rb7hq768z9iuvemxb23aiaanazpj0e21660nexncuo.jpg\" title=\"nussbaum\" alt=\"nussbaum\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-nussbaum-family\/\">The Nussbaum family<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-8852 post-8852 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-dr-hans-frankenstein-en tag-exil-en tag-heinz-dehn-en tag-internment tag-kitchener-camp-en tag-united-kingom\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/kitchener_suchseite-rb7hqaxlqlo05uhgp3pss9choj6zv6gyiomlc1hs5s.jpg\" title=\"kitchener_suchseite\" alt=\"kitchener_suchseite\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/kitchener-camp\/\">Kitchener Camp<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-11022 post-11022 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-exil-en tag-hannover-en tag-heinz-dehn-en tag-ida-dehn-en tag-the-flieder-family\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/DehnIda_Beitrag-rb7hbh19wpd4zc0zaoxpg02o9oaif3lf5a2sqvhec0.jpg\" title=\"DehnIda_Beitrag\" alt=\"DehnIda_Beitrag\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/ida-dehn\/\">Ida Dehn<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10876 post-10876 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-abraham-flieder-en tag-auschwitz-en tag-hannover-en tag-ida-dehn-en tag-polenaktion-en tag-simon-flieder-en tag-zbaszyn-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/FliederFamilie-rb7hr0b8v4mqvbglkwoq5kxxpxpwn09pm68paig5hs.jpg\" title=\"FliederFamilie\" alt=\"FliederFamilie\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-flieder-family\/\">The Flieder family<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10377 post-10377 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-ghetto-riga-en tag-heinz-dehn-en tag-holocaust-en tag-leberecht-dehn-en tag-theresienstadt-concentration-camp tag-treblinka-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Dehnfamilie-rb7hrdgzit4rduxhg2di4hme1bx1mrpybzdi0dwn2o.jpg\" title=\"Dehnfamilie\" alt=\"Dehnfamilie\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-dehn-family\/\">The Dehn family<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10201 post-10201 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-buchenwald-concentration-camp tag-dachau-concentration-camp tag-franz-lebrecht-en tag-sachsenhausen-concentration-camp tag-singapore tag-universitaet-muenster\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Friedlich-rb7hquo7q4f0xnoshu8yqmd65mhpctnblebseuoij4.jpg\" title=\"Friedlich\" alt=\"Friedlich\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/ernst-friedlich\/\">Ernst Friedlich<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10044 post-10044 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-buchenwald-concentration-camp tag-dachau-concentration-camp tag-ernst-friedlich-fry-en tag-exil-en tag-franz-lebrecht-en tag-hamburg-en tag-leon-gottlieb-en tag-sachsenhausen-concentration-camp tag-singapore\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Gottlieb-rb7hqm7o0m3g1612v8lbm6i0t5nefjpqk8gf3d1234.jpg\" title=\"Gottlieb\" alt=\"Gottlieb\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/leon-gottlieb\/\">Leon Gottlieb<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-11143 post-11143 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-eric-robert-towers-en tag-erich-tichauer-en tag-exil-en tag-heinz-dehn-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-ida-dehn-en-2 tag-walter-fuerst-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Tichauer_beitragsbild-rb7hbx0j4vz0gpdrpdud4e1id83r1ycuvh61wktpe8.jpg\" title=\"Tichauer_beitragsbild\" alt=\"Tichauer_beitragsbild\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/erich-tichauer\/\">Erich Tichauer<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10245 post-10245 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-dr-ernst-wasser-en tag-dr-hans-frankenstein-en tag-exil-en tag-goerlitz-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-kitchener-camp-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Fnankenstein-1-rb7hqwjw3shlkvm26v27vlw3ce8fs7us9nmrdelq6o.jpg\" title=\"Fnankenstein\" alt=\"Fnankenstein\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/dr-hans-frankenstein\/\">Dr Hans Frankenstein<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10752 post-10752 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-exil-en tag-josef-ganz-en tag-volkswagen-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/ganz-rb7hqn5i7g4qcrzppqzy6o9hejirn8tgwd3wkmznww.jpg\" title=\"ganz\" alt=\"ganz\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/josef-ganz\/\">Josef Ganz<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-11254 post-11254 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-a-j-storfer-en tag-ernst-platz-en tag-eva-schwarcz-en tag-karl-und-olga-bodan-en tag-mark-siegelberg-en tag-shanghai-12-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/shanghai12-rb7hs3sgu64sexv96dr22azao4bbmamfrln3g4tm8g.jpg\" title=\"shanghai12\" alt=\"shanghai12\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-shanghai-12\/\">The \u201eShanghai 12\u201c<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-11221 post-11221 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-france tag-ginette-rozenfeld-en tag-holocaust-en tag-ida-dehn-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/rozenfeld-rb7hkl2y5vu7j8sh34qi47ajl5dm1grqqdr98fz00g.jpg\" title=\"rozenfeld\" alt=\"rozenfeld\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/ginette-rozenfeld\/\">Ginette Rozenfeld<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-20010 post-20010 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-dr-hans-frankenstein-en tag-exil-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-unrra-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/WasserErnst_Beitragsbild-rb7hbyw7ik1l3xb1eenm9dkfjzuhhckbjqh0v4qx1s.jpg\" title=\"WasserErnst_Beitragsbild\" alt=\"WasserErnst_Beitragsbild\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/dr-ernst-wasser\/\">Dr Ernst Wasser<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-18542 post-18542 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biografie category-biography tag-australia tag-berlin-en tag-exil-en tag-georg-chodziesner-en tag-hay-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-internment tag-isle-of-man-en tag-kitchener-camp-en tag-tatura-en tag-united-kingom\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/ChodziesnerGeorg_beitrag2-rb7gapkilz1ewdfdysuzxa1nv5hpd9ncrbj519zpow.jpg\" title=\"ChodziesnerGeorg_beitrag2\" alt=\"ChodziesnerGeorg_beitrag2\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/george-chodziesner\/\">George Chodziesner<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-16740 post-16740 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-wolfgang-a-kittel\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Kittel_Beitrag-rb7gwxh65zgfcj5h7wmid66xe1z2bouxhapcfr1ols.png\" title=\"Kittel_Beitrag\" alt=\"Kittel_Beitrag\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wolfgang-kittel\/\">Wolfgang Kittel<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-22118 post-22118 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-berlin-en tag-exil-en tag-harry-jay-en tag-harry-jeidels-en tag-hay-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-internment tag-photography tag-tatura-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/JayHarry_Beitrag-rb7f7obssnlqrc4kwffqvmnjs3vypron2488klva34.jpg\" title=\"JayHarry_Beitrag\" alt=\"JayHarry_Beitrag\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/harry-jay-jeidels\/\">Harry Jay (Jeidels)<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-23049 post-23049 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-berlin-en tag-exil-en tag-hay-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-internment tag-mv-abosso-en tag-tatura-en tag-the-passenger tag-ulrich-a-boschwitz-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/BoschwitzUlrich_Beitrag-rb7eojc3n3ekd5xdnnm7lyioco7wzmpe3e1bss8us0.jpg\" title=\"BoschwitzUlrich_Beitrag\" alt=\"BoschwitzUlrich_Beitrag\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/ulrich-a-boschwitz\/\">Ulrich A. Boschwitz<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-24864 post-24864 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-approval category-biography tag-8th-australian-employment-company-en tag-australia tag-dunera-en tag-internment tag-max-schwarz-en tag-ulrich-laufer-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Beitrag_LauferSchwarz-rb7eccdgzgpnr9mzuvvfrjaexqbi4zaqr1dkokbphs.png\" title=\"Beitrag_LauferSchwarz\" alt=\"Beitrag_LauferSchwarz\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/ulrich-laufer-and-max-schwarz\/\">Ulrich Laufer and Max Schwarz<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-26753 post-26753 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-exil-en tag-holocaust-en tag-internment tag-kids-interned tag-westernland-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/dunera_wire-rb7hfzncr1jqrvgrx585xd1f1c10eqizfmxsrqsafk.jpg\" title=\"dunera_wire\" alt=\"dunera_wire\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-youngest-dunera-boys\/\">The youngest Dunera Boys<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-27115 post-27115 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-exil-en tag-holocaust-en tag-internment tag-oldest-internees tag-queen-mary-internees-2\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/dunera_wire-rb7hfzncr1jqrvgrx585xd1f1c10eqizfmxsrqsafk.jpg\" title=\"dunera_wire\" alt=\"dunera_wire\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-oldest-dunera-boys\/\">The oldest Dunera Boys<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-27437 post-27437 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-8th-australian-employment-company-en tag-australia tag-dunera-en tag-internment tag-sgt-snow-white tag-sydney-loder tag-taxi-nach-leipzig\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Lohde_Beitrag-rct6diwfi7ekocjmcorl5j3kz2ialcebah2xtl91ow.png\" title=\"Lohde_Beitrag\" alt=\"Lohde_Beitrag\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/sigurd-sigismund-lohde\/\">Sigurd Sigismund Lohde<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-33139 post-33139 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-biography tag-8th-australian-employment-company-en tag-australia tag-captain-e-r-m-broughton tag-dunera-en tag-sgt-snow-white\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/edward-broughton-soldier-and-bookmaker\/\">Edward Broughton Soldier and Bookmaker<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-35001 post-35001 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-8th-australian-employment-company-en tag-australia tag-austria tag-guardian-angel-pharmacy tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-internment tag-martin-daxner tag-sigmund-berger\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Berger_Beitrag-rp8b72bz8df7rrgst00u2vfhfy1irmtlhliata9jo0.jpg\" title=\"Berger_Beitrag\" alt=\"Berger_Beitrag\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/_sigmund-berger\/\">Sigmund Berger<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-36322 post-36322 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-8th-australian-employment-company-en tag-arthur-west-rosenthal tag-australia tag-austria tag-georg-auwr tag-heinz-altschul tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-internment\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Beitrag_Volksstimme-ruhp9ygy3h6va0clzhz8d7116lu12zuoipyg19s2q8.jpg\" title=\"Beitrag_Volksstimme\" alt=\"Beitrag_Volksstimme\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/heinz-altschul-georg-auer-arthur-west\/\">Heinz Altschul &#8211; Georg Auer &#8211; Arthur West<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-prev\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Previous\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-chevron-left\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M646 125C629 125 613 133 604 142L308 442C296 454 292 471 292 487 292 504 296 521 308 533L604 854C617 867 629 875 646 875 663 875 679 871 692 858 704 846 713 829 713 812 713 796 708 779 692 767L438 487 692 225C700 217 708 204 708 187 708 171 704 154 692 142 675 129 663 125 646 125Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-next\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Next\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-chevron-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M696 533C708 521 713 504 713 487 713 471 708 454 696 446L400 146C388 133 375 125 354 125 338 125 325 129 313 142 300 154 292 171 292 187 292 204 296 221 308 233L563 492 304 771C292 783 288 800 288 817 288 833 296 850 308 863 321 871 338 875 354 875 371 875 388 867 400 854L696 533Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote without-quotes is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After the end of World War II, many of the \u201cDunera Boys\u201d helped build democratic societies in their home countries and prevent the resurgence of fascism. This was the goal of many exiled communists, some of whom had been active in the resistance and imprisoned in concentration camps before emigrating. Many of those deported by the British to Australia in fwal1940 supported the common cause of the Allies after their internment, serving as soldiers in unarmed engineering units of the British or Australian armies. The Dunera Boys Heinz Altschul, Georg Auer, and Arthur West (n\u00e9e Rosenthal) worked as journalists in Austria after their return. They reunited on the editorial staff of the *Volksstimme*, the newspaper of the Communist Party of Austria (KP\u00d6). This second point of intersection in the biographies of the three Dunera Boys was interesting enough to merit a story.<\/p>\n<cite>Peter Dehn, October 2026.<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Three_from_the_%E2%80%9CVolksstimme%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>Three from the \u201cVolksstimme\u201d<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A defining experience for Heinz Altschul, Georg Auer, and Arthur West was, among other things, living through the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36338'>Austrofascist dictatorship<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[1]  Wikipedia on <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Austrofaschismus\" target=\"_blank\">Austrofaschism<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/St%C3%A4ndestaat_(%C3%96sterreich)\" target=\"_blank\">St\u00e4ndestaat<\/a> (German). Accessed April 10, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> as children beginning in 1930, witnessing as teenagers the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36341'>invasion by the Nazi Wehrmacht<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[2]  Wikipedia on the \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anschluss\" target=\"_blank\">Anschluss<\/a>\u201c, accessed on April 20, 2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in 1938 (\u201cAnschluss\u201d), their escape and expulsion to Great Britain, their internment and deportation there, and the time they spent together in Australia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cThe <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36344'>majority of these individuals<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[3]  <span class=\"content\">Maria Fanta, \u201eGefl\u00fcchtet, heimgekehrt, ersch\u00fcttert\u201c (Fled, returned home, shaken) on <a href=\"https:\/\/science.orf.at\/v2\/stories\/2828284\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">science orf.at<\/a>. Accessed on March 15, 2026.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (all \u201cVolksstimme\u201d editors, dunera.de) risked their lives to oppose Nazi policies: through resistance activities at home and abroad, through political activities in exile, through service in the Allied forces, or through resistance activities within the Wehrmacht. In a race for their own lives, many communist editors had fled for racist and\/or political reasons and, in many cases, had already established a reputation as journalists abroad within the circles of exile organizations.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In contrast, those who profited from the expulsion of the Jews and \u201cturncoats\u201d dictated the content of other newspapers. Only <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36347'>5.5 percent<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[4]  Ibid.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> of the country\u2019s newspaper editors were returnees from exile. Thus, the three found work on the editorial staff of the \u201cVolksstimme\u201d among like-minded people with similar life experiences, in an environment that aligned with their political convictions. This article tells the story of three Jewish journalists who were born in Vienna and were among the youngest of the Dunera Boys.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-border-color is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-color:#d45847;border-width:4px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);box-shadow:var(--wp--preset--shadow--sharp);flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-0874d82f wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-bottom:0\"><em>The Communist Party of Austria\u2019s (KP\u00d6) party newspaper, &#8220;Die Rote Fahne&#8221;, was first published in 1919. Banned by the Austrofascists in 1933, it could only be published illegally.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-bottom:0;flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"101\" height=\"194\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Volksstimme_logo.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-35186\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\"><em>The first legal issue was published on August 5, 1945, as the \u201c\u00d6sterreichische Volksstimme\u201d; beginning in 1957, it was published as the daily newspaper \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36352'>Volksstimme<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[5]  <span class=\"content\">Wikipedia on \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/www.volksstimme.at\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Volksstimme<\/a>\u201c (German). Accessed on March 15, 2026.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.\u201d From 1991 to 1994, it was published as a weekly. In 2004, a monthly magazine called \u201cVolksstimmen\u201d was founded; since 2009, it has once again been called \u201cVolksstimme\u201d as a political monthly magazine. Since 2018, a volunteer, grassroots-democratic editorial team has been producing ten issues per year. Since 1946, the KP\u00d6 has organized the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-35502'>Volksstimmefest<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[6]  <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Volksstimmefest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikipedia<\/a> \u00fcber das <a href=\"https:\/\/www.volksstimmefest.at\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Volksstimmefest<\/a>. Abgerufen am 15.3.2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in Vienna\u2019s Prater.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Heinz_Altschul_%E2%80%9CIn_a_sense_drawn_into_politics%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>Heinz Altschul: \u201cIn a sense, drawn into politics\u201d<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Heinz Altschul, the oldest member of the \u201cVolksstimme\u201d trio known as the Dunera Boys, was born on December 11, 1920, to Arthur Altschul, an engineer, and Hilde (n\u00e9e Schmidt). His father ran an electrical supply store on Liechtensteinstra\u00dfe. His parents raised him in a Jewish and social democratic household. \u201cSo, in a sense, I had a taste of politics,\u201d recalled <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36359'>Heinz Altschul<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[7]  <span class=\"content\">\u201eEin \u00f6sterreichischer Publizist im Widerstand\u201c (An Austrian Journalist in Resistance) in \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalfonds.org\/band-5-der-erinnerungen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Erinnerungen<\/a>\u201c Vol. 5 Published by Renate S. Meissner for the\u00a0National Fund of the Republic of Austria for Victims of National Socialism, Vienna 2018, ISBN 978-3-9504794-8-5, p. 274.\u00a0<\/span>The text reproduced there is an adaptation of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=T48NToEr3HM\">interview<\/a> from the \u2018Projekt Oral Video History\u2019 series by Klaus H\u00fcbner and Lukas Ressl, University of Vienna, 1992. Accessed on June 16, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<br><br>He had his first political experiences as early as age 12 or 13: From 1934 to 1938, Austria was ruled by Kurt Schuschnigg as an Austro-Fascist dictatorship (\u201cSt\u00e4ndestaat\u201d). Partly due to the economic decline, there was strong resistance from Social Democrats, Communists, and other political forces against this government and the authoritarian form of government inspired by National Socialism and Italian Fascism. Heinz became involved with the youth organizations of the two left-wing parties, distributed leaflets with them, and took part in demonstrations. In 1936, he was arrested during a meeting of Communist youths and <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36362'>detained for several days<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[8]  Ibid, p. 275.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. This caused him problems at the \u201cImperial and Royal State Trade School for Chemical and Technical Studies,\u201d which he was attending at the time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For Heinz Altschul, the right-wing dictatorship, the anti-Semitism of the \u201cSt\u00e4ndestaat,\u201d and the incipient infiltration by offshoots of the German NSDAP were the triggers for the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36364'>consideration<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[9]  Ibid, p.275\/276.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cthat you actually have to fight on the right and, above all, combat the excesses of fascism on the right. (\u2026) I was only twelve or thirteen years old at the time, though. But I experienced it firsthand.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9CIt_was_always_hanging_by_a_thread%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>\u201cIt was always hanging by a thread\u201d<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Then came the \u201cAnschluss\u201d on March 12, 1938, and the Nazis\u2019 terror against Jews and political opponents. \u201cBeing both a Jew and a Communist\u2014that was too much,\u201d said his daughter Susanne, describing the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36367'>situation<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[10]  Saskia Etschmaier, Carina Kainz, \u2018It was always hanging by a thread\u2019. ORF <a href=\"https:\/\/orf.at\/stories\/3100467\/\">interview with Susanne Altschul<\/a>, November 23, 2018. The file contains a transcript and videos of the conversation. Accessed on March 22 , 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> Heinz found himself in.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"568\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/19380315ff_Wien_-SchikanenGegenJuden_wiki.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-34855 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/19380315ff_Wien_-SchikanenGegenJuden_wiki.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/19380315ff_Wien_-SchikanenGegenJuden_wiki-300x213.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/19380315ff_Wien_-SchikanenGegenJuden_wiki-768x545.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Immediately after invading Austria, the Nazis began spreading anti-Semitic propaganda. On March 15, 1938, uniformed Nazis and passersby watched with obvious satisfaction as Jews were forced to clean the sidewalk. Source: Wikipedia.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cI was <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36371'>arrested<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[11]  \"Erinnerungen\" op.cit. p. 274.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> on <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/aktionsjuden\/\">November 10, 1938<\/a> (\u201cReichskristallnacht\u201d) and taken to Police and SS Precinct 9 on Pramergasse, where I was beaten and battered. On November 11, I was released thanks to a stroke of luck (one of the SS men was a former schoolmate and helped me). After that, I no longer slept at home but stayed with friends. I then managed to emigrate to England in March 1939 using a fake passport.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Armed with a school friend\u2019s Czech passport\u2014complete with a forged photo\u2014Heinz arrived in Prague in March 1939. But just a few days later, the <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-fall-gruen\/\">Wehrmacht<\/a> marched into Prague as well. A chance encounter with another friend provided him with a travel document, and after passing through Vienna and saying goodbye to his parents, he arrived in England. There, he told his story and was sentenced to four weeks in prison for the forged passport. However, he had to spend two and a half months in jail while the matter was being resolved. He avoided deportation thanks to the support of refugee organizations.<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cWhen my father fled Austria, he wasn\u2019t even 18 yet! I can\u2019t imagine my son having to leave at 18! Besides, his parents didn\u2019t know if they\u2019d ever see him again. He didn\u2019t know either. That must have been a tremendous burden.\u201d (<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36373'>Susanne Altschul<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[12]  <span class=\"content\">Etschmaier, Kainz, op<\/span>.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, 2018)<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He was given <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36375'>housing<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[13]  Home Office, index cards: Heinz Altschul. Via Ancestry. Accessed on April 17, 2025<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in Willesden in northwest London and became an apprentice at the firm H. Weiss &amp; Co in London. Then came the hearings before the <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/british-deportationspart-2-2\/\">tribunals<\/a>. As an \u201cenemy alien\u201d who had entered the country with a forged document, he was <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36378'>immediately interned<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[14]  <span class=\"content\">\u201eErinnerungen\u201c op.cit., p 278.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. \u201cIt didn\u2019t matter whether you were an anti-fascist or anything else; it was purely a bureaucratic matter.\u201d<br><br>On November 8, 1939, the following was noted on his Home Office index cards: \u201cInternment until further notice.\u201d The notation \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36381'>Interned by S of S\u201d<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[15]  The abbreviation \u2018S of S\u2019 stands for \u2018Secretary of State\u2019, i.e. an unspecified British ministry.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> refers to a corresponding directive from a ministry. Heinz was subsequently detained for two months at Warner\u2019s Holiday Camp in Seaton (Devon). Altschul recalled that 90 percent of the inmates there were Nazis, and there were \u201creally <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36385'>serious fights<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[16]  <span class=\"content\">\u201eErinnerungen\u201c op.cit., p 278.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.\u201d Once free again, he lived and worked in London and made contact with the nonpartisan exile organization \u201cYoung Austria.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Interment_and_Deportation\"><\/span>Interment and Deportation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"507\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/8AECc_Gruppe02.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-35259 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/8AECc_Gruppe02.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/8AECc_Gruppe02-300x190.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/8AECc_Gruppe02-768x487.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Conscripted Soldiers: Standing, from left to right: ?, Klaus Wilczynski, Heinrich Eggebrecht (\u201cPiepel\u201d), Paul Friedl\u00e4nder (\u201cBonzo\u201d), Georg Auer, Heinz Altschul. Kneeling: ?, ?, Helmut Rosenthal, Albert Kleeberg, ?, ?. Everyone signed on the back. Who can help identify&lt;mailto:peter@dunera.de&gt; Erwin Dengler, Werner Michels, Kurt Schmahl, Alfred Reichwald (\u201cFredi\u201d), and Walter Hofstadter <a href=\"mailto:peter@dunera.de\" data-type=\"\u201cmailto\u201d\" data-id=\"\u201cmailto:peter@dunera.de\u201d\">? Photo: Harry Jay, from the Friedl\u00e4nder Archive.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"558\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/8AECc_Gruppe02_back.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-35263\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/8AECc_Gruppe02_back.png 800w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/8AECc_Gruppe02_back-300x209.png 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/8AECc_Gruppe02_back-768x536.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As the Wehrmacht\u2019s military successes in Western Europe mounted, the British grew fearful of an invasion and a \u201cfifth column,\u201d as well as of Nazi spies who might be preparing for one. Churchill ordered the internment of up to 27,000 of the approximately 70,000 German-speaking refugees. Here, too, no distinction was made between friend and foe. Thousands of Jews and opponents of the Nazis, who believed themselves safe from persecution in Great Britain, were put behind bars. Heinz Altschul was arrested on May 24, 1940, and taken to the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36388'>Oratory Central School<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[17]  <span class=\"content\">Home Office, index cards H. Altschul op.cit.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, and subsequently detained at the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36391'>internment camp<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[18]  Wikipedia on <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Internierungslager_im_Vereinigten_K%C3%B6nigreich_im_Zweiten_Weltkrieg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">British internment camps<\/a> during the Second World War. Accessed on February 30, 2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36395'>Kempton Park<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[19]  <span class=\"content\">Files for Heinz Altschul, National Archives of Australia (NAA), NAA_ItemNumber9905538. Accessed on April 17, 2025.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> near London.<br><br>Similar to <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/sigurd-sigismund-lohde\/\">Sigurd Lohde<\/a>, Heinz Altschul assumed he was being transferred to the Isle of Man and described his shipment to Australia as a mistake. His name on <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36398'>embarkation list No. 12<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[20]  <span class=\"content\">Complete Nominal Roll of Internees ex \u201eDUNERA\u201c, NAA_ItemNumber657104. Accessed on August 10, 2023.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> was one of 269, but these individuals were not destined for the Isle of Man but rather for the <em><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-1\/\">Dunera<\/a><\/em>. The journey began on July 10 in the port of Liverpool, with an initially unknown destination and the guards\u2019 first raid. \u201cIt was then a very, very, very terrible journey. (\u2026) The ship was literally like a <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36402'>concentration camp<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[21]  <span class=\"content\">\u201eErinnerungen\u201c op.cit., p. 279.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u2026\u201d.<br><br>In Australia, Heinz Altschul and about 1,000 \u201cDunera Boys\u201d were first imprisoned in Hay (New South Wales), Camp 8, and later in a camp near Tatura (Victoria). The anti-fascists were forbidden from engaging in any political activity there. \u201cWe formed a youth group with Austrian and German youths. Together, we asked ourselves questions that were on our minds and discussed problems. And then we also had discussions in the camp about the reconstruction of Austria \u2026,\u201d Heinz Altschul <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36405'>reported<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[22]  Ibid., p. 279.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> later. Incidentally, it took years for the Australian guards to notice the activities of the <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-german-salute-is-your-duty\/\">prisoners of war and Australian Nazis<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-bottom:0\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although the British Home Office had ordered Heinz Altschul&#8217;s <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36407'>release<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[23]  Home Office, index cards H. Altschul op.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> from internment on February 15, 1941, it took months for the order to reach Australia and be carried out. Australia did not want <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/991-per-cent-british\/\">to accept any internees<\/a> and demanded their release on <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-14880'>British territory<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[24]  This condition hindered the internees because they first had to be transported to Great Britain in order to gain their freedom. During the war, this could only be done at the risk of their lives. The Australian Menzies government wanted to keep internees out of the country.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. Despite the limited and dangerous travel options caused by the war, <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36410'>747 Dunera internees<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[25]  <span class=\"content\">Carol Bunyan \u201eShips on which Dunera internees returned tp Britain , 1941 \u2013 1945\u201c in \u201eDunera Lives. A Visual History\u201c, p. 518.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> were returned to England by the end of 1941. Most had volunteered for engineering units in the British Army. Many internees, however, would have preferred to fight the Nazis with arms.<br><br>After the first <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-27864'>Japanese air raids<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[26]  Wikipedia on the <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luftangriffe_auf_Australien_von_1942_bis_1943\"><u>air raids on Australia<\/u><\/a>, accessed on 25 August 2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> on the Australian continent, the government changed course and required all residents\u2014whether citizens, migrants, or internees\u2014to <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34071'>participate in the defense<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[27]  Quoted from June Factor, *Soldiers and Aliens*, Melbourne 2022, ISBN 9780522878585, p. 34.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. In early 1942, the internees were offered the opportunity to <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25134'>voluntarily<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[28]  Cf. Minute of the General-Adjudant to Australian Parliarment from 29.3.1946. NAA_ItemNumber4938132, page 28, point d.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> enlist in the Australian Army.<br><br>On July 7, 1942, British authorities announced that there were <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36420'>no objections<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[29]  <span class=\"content\">Newsam (Home Office) am 7.7.1942 an den britischen Beauftragten f\u00fcr die Internierten Julian Layton. In NAA_ItemNumber216018.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> to Heinz Altschul\u2019s service in the army. Thus, in August 1942, Heinz became a soldier without a rifle in the <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-8th-employment-company-1\/\">8th Employment Company<\/a>. The unit, consisting of up to 500 men and made up exclusively of internees, performed heavy loading work in the Port of Melbourne and at the railyards in Albury and Tocumwal.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;padding-top:0;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:0;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile is-vertically-aligned-bottom\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"662\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Altschul_Army.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-35253 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Altschul_Army.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Altschul_Army-227x300.jpg 227w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Heinz Altschul as a soldier in the 8th Australian Employment Company. Photo: S. Altschul Archive.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Heinz Altschul\u2019s military file contains a note dated December 18, 1944: The local police alleged that he had \u201cmaliciously damaged\u201d a railroad company\u2019s <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36431'>wooden chest<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[30]  Milit\u00e4ry files H. Altschul, Service and Casualty Form, in NAA_ItemNumber6238805.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in Tocumwal and ordered him to pay 5 pounds in damages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9C%E2%80%A6_ways_and_means_%E2%80%A6%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>\u201c\u2026 ways and means \u2026\u201d<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"309\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AltschulHeinz_\u00b4Elisabeth.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-35210 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AltschulHeinz_\u00b4Elisabeth.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AltschulHeinz_\u00b4Elisabeth-300x185.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Heinz as a soldier with Elizabeth, ca. 1944, in Melbourne. Photo: S. Altschul Archive.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despite the ban on political activity in the army, Heinz Altschul and many of his comrades from Austria resumed their political activities. \u201cWe found ways and means to <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36435'>get around that<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[31]  <span class=\"content\">\u201eErinnerungen\u201c op.cit., p. 280.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.\u201d Not only did they continue to discuss important issues, but they also established contacts with Australians to inform them about the background of the \u201cAnschluss\u201d and their vision for a new Austria. This led to the formation of a group called \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36437'>Young Austria<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[32]  Ibid., p.282.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d in Melbourne, modeled after the British example.<br><br>\u201cEven from a distance\u201d\u2014between the army base and private homes in Melbourne\u2014the publication of the small newspaper \u201cYoung Australia in Australia\u201d was organized. \u201cElisabeth, a native Australian (who later became Heinz Altschul\u2019s wife\u2014Ed.), who hadn\u2019t lost her accent even after 45 years in Vienna, turned the crank of the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36441'>printing press<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[33]  <span class=\"content\">Georg Auer \u201eDown Under - ganz unten drunter \u2026\u201c (German), in <a href=\"https:\/\/medienundzeit.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/MZ_digital_1988-01_ocr.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Medien&amp;Zeit<\/a> 1\/88, p 25. Accessed on July 10, 2026.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> night after night.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While still serving in the army, Heinz <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36444'>married<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[34]  <span class=\"content\">Military files H. Altschul, op.cit., entry from August 29, 1945.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> Elizabeth Kemp Kewish (1918\u20131989) in Melbourne on August 22, 1945. Heinz was discharged from the army on January 11, 1946.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"No_thought_of_staying\"><\/span>No thought of staying<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Staying in Australia was \u201csomehow completely out of the question for my father,\u201d recalled his <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36450'>daughter Susanne<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[35]  <span class=\"content\">Etschmaier, Kainz op.cit.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. \u201cHe didn\u2019t talk about it much, and I don\u2019t even know how much he really embraced life in Australia.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cMy mother agreed to return with him to bombed-out Vienna. Because for my father, staying in Australia was never an option. He definitely wanted to go back to Austria\u2014where his parents had perished in a concentration camp.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36452'>Home Office notes<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[36]  <span class=\"content\">Home Office, index cards H. Altschul op.cit.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> regarding his return are contradictory: On the one hand, there was mention of a \u201creturn to the UK for further decision.\u201d A note without a date read: \u201cRe-detained B, released C.\u201d The letters here apparently refer to the categorization, with \u201cB\u201d standing for a suspected Nazi and \u201cC\u201d for a refugee. On another card, however, it was noted: \u201cReturned to the UK on the <em>SS Stirling Castle<\/em> on April 14, 1946, as a released internee.\u201d Also on board were, among others, the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36454'>former internees<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[37]  Passenger list via Ancestry. Accessed March 17, 2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> Gerhard Besch and Kurt Schmahl\u2014who were among the <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-youngest-dunera-boys\/\">youngest internees<\/a>\u2014as well as Eugen Eckerle and Alfred Rosenthal, who was also from Vienna.<br><br>Heinz and Elisabeth, however, had to <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36458'>travel separately<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[38]  <span class=\"content\">\u201eErinnerungen\u201c op.cit., p. 285.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u201cfor bureaucratic reasons.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<p class=\"caption wp-block-paragraph\">Excerpt from the passenger list of the Stirling Castle (via Ancestry).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"797\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Altschul_StirlingCastle_Ancestry-797x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-35229\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Altschul_StirlingCastle_Ancestry-797x1024.jpg 797w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Altschul_StirlingCastle_Ancestry-233x300.jpg 233w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Altschul_StirlingCastle_Ancestry-768x987.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Altschul_StirlingCastle_Ancestry.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 797px) 100vw, 797px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Back_in_destroyed_Vienna\"><\/span>Back in destroyed Vienna<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In August 1946, Heinz and Elisabeth Altschul arrived in Vienna. They were deeply shaken by the destruction caused by the war. He became politically active in the nonpartisan \u201cFree Austrian Youth\u201d and wrote for its publications. Elisabeth worked as a translator for English and French.<br><br>In 1950, Heinz attended an international peace congress in Vienna. Despite limited travel options, 2,000 participants from all over the world had gathered. In 1952, his party sent him to the Austrian Peace Council, where he served as secretary from 1954 to 1968 and was responsible, among other things, for its publications. This organization saw itself as the national representative of the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36461'>World Peace Council<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[39]  Wikipedia on <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Peace_Council\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Peace Council<\/a>, Accessed July 20, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, which during the Cold War was broadly classified by the West as being under communist control.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile is-vertically-aligned-bottom\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"714\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AltschulHeinz_\u00b4FriedensfondsPlakat-714x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-35205 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AltschulHeinz_\u00b4FriedensfondsPlakat-714x1024.jpg 714w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AltschulHeinz_\u00b4FriedensfondsPlakat-209x300.jpg 209w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AltschulHeinz_\u00b4FriedensfondsPlakat-768x1102.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AltschulHeinz_\u00b4FriedensfondsPlakat.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 714px) 100vw, 714px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Promotional poster for the Chaplin Fund&#8217;s writing contest. Source: Charlie Chaplin Archive.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Secretary_of_the_Austrian_Peace_Council\"><\/span>Secretary of the Austrian Peace Council<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cI have written repeatedly in the newspaper, essentially always addressing these issues: <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36465'>against nuclear weapons<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[40]  <span class=\"content\">\u201eErinnerungen\u201c op.cit., p. 296.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, against the nuclear threat, and in favor of preserving world peace.\u201d In 1958, the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36469'>Easter March movement<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[41]  <span class=\"content\">Wikipedia on the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Campaign_for_Nuclear_Disarmament\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament<\/a> amd Easter Marchs, organised for the first time 1958 in UK.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> originated in England and also took root in Austria. \u201cThere were also a number of people involved who are now government officials,\u201d said Heinz Altschul, hinting at the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36473'>breadth of this anti-war movement<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[42]  <span class=\"content\">\u201eErinnerungen\u201c op.cit., p. 297.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<br><br>In 1954, Charlie Chaplin was honored by the World Peace Council, an award that came with a cash prize. \u201cI believe it is right that the money I received as a peace prize be used to <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36476'>help the disadvantaged<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[43]  <span class=\"content\">M. Massiani \u201eCharlie Chaplin gives Abbe Pierre Part of Communist Sponsored Prize\u201c in \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecatholicnewsarchive.org\/?a=d&amp;d=cst19541022-01.2.30&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN---------\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Catholic Standard and Times<\/a>\u201c, Volume 60, Number 4, October 22, 1954. Accessed May 15, 2026.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>,\u201d the actor explained as he handed over a portion of the prize money to the Catholic priest Abb\u00e9 Pierre, who cared for the homeless in Paris. The Charlie Chaplin Peace Fund made 110,000 schillings from the prize money available to the City of Vienna to support humanitarian and peace-building activities. On behalf of the Austrian Peace Council, which had been appointed as trustee, Heinz Altschul organized six competitions. The initiative was well received: for the literature competition alone, <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36480'>220 entries<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[44]  \u201cLarge number of entries in the Chaplin Peace Fund competition\u201d, in <a href=\"https:\/\/anno.onb.ac.at\/cgi-content\/anno?aid=oez&amp;datum=19550218&amp;seite=6&amp;zoom=33&amp;query=%22chaplin%22%2B%22Friedensrat%22&amp;ref=anno-search\">\u00d6sterreichische Zeitung<\/a>, February 18, 1955, page 6, in the ANNO Archive. Accessed on July 20, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> were submitted.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Among other activities, the Peace Council also advocated, as part of the Chaplin Fund, for a monument to <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36487'>Bertha von Suttner<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[45]  <span class=\"content\">Wikipedia on <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bertha_von_Suttner\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bertha von Suttner<\/a>. Accessed on July 20, 2026.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (1843\u20131914) in Vienna. Local authorities refused to honor the first recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize and fighter against anti-Semitism, citing flimsy-seeming \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36484'>architectural heritage reasons<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[46]  \u201cNo space yet for a Bertha von Suttner monument\u201d, in <a href=\"https:\/\/anno.onb.ac.at\/cgi-content\/anno?aid=oez&amp;datum=19541020&amp;seite=8&amp;zoom=33&amp;query=%22chaplin%22%2B%22Friedensrat%22&amp;ref=anno-search\">\u00d6sterreichische Zeitung<\/a>, January 20, 1954, page 3, in the Anno Archive. Accessed July 20, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.\u201d It was not until 1958 that a statue created by Siegfried Charoux could be erected at a different location.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Settling_Accounts_with_the_KPO\"><\/span>Settling Accounts with the KP\u00d6<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The work within the Peace Council was not without\u2014especially internal\u2014conflicts. The Soviet delegates demanded that \u201ceverything associated with the Soviet Union be endorsed, and everything coming from the West be condemned,\u201d recalled <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36491'>Heinz Altschul<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[47]  <span class=\"content\">\u201eErinnerungen\u201c op.cit., p. 297.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. Although he had decided to remain in the KP\u00d6 in the wake of the events in Hungary in 1956, he no longer held back his <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36494'>criticism<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[48]  Ibid.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> after the end of the Prague Spring in 1968. He was expelled from the KP\u00d6.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"648\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AltschulHeinz_DehnHeinz_Ungarn1963.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-35222 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AltschulHeinz_DehnHeinz_Ungarn1963.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AltschulHeinz_DehnHeinz_Ungarn1963-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AltschulHeinz_DehnHeinz_Ungarn1963-768x498.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A reunion of the Dunera Boys, Heinz Altschul (third from the left, without a jacket) and Heinz Dehn (to his left), at events organized by the World Peace Council. Here in Eger (Hungary), ca. 1963. Photo: Dehn family archive.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Heinz Altschul served as an editor at the Austrian Press Agency (APA) from 1969 to 1988, becoming managing editor in 1982 and deputy editor-in-chief in 1985. One of his initiatives for the APA was the establishment of a network of correspondents in neighboring Eastern European countries. He retired in 1988 but remained active with the APA\u2014among other things, he reported on the fall of the Berlin Wall.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9CWith_dignity%E2%80%9D_unacceptable\"><\/span>\u201cWith dignity\u201d unacceptable<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1998, he made headlines himself: \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36497'>With dignity<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[49]  <span class=\"content\">Sepp Astner in \u201eKleine Zeitung\u201c from March\u00a0 6, 1998 (Family Archive Altschul).<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>,\u201d he returned the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36501'>Ehrenzeichen f\u00fcr Verdienste um die Republik \u00d6sterreich<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[50]  Wikipedia on the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Decoration_of_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ehrenzeichen<\/a>, accessed on July 15, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Medal of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria) for services to the Republic of Austria. At that time, <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36505'>Robert Haider<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[51]  <span class=\"content\">Wikipedia on <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robert_Haider\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Robert Haider<\/a> (German).\u00a0 Accessed July 15, 2026.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, the father of former right winged FP\u00d6 leader J\u00f6rg Haider, had received this country\u2019s highest honor. As a member of the banned paramilitary terrorist organization of the Austrian Nazis, the \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36509'>Austrian Legion<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[52]  <span class=\"content\">Wikipedia on <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Austrian_Legion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00d6sterreichische Legion<\/a>. Accessed in July 15, 2026.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>,\u201d he actively worked from Bavaria beginning in 1933 to \u201cundermining of the Republic of Austria, which was still independent at the time.\u201d \u201cIt is therefore impossible for me to retain possession of even a similar award,\u201d Heinz Altschul explained, justifying the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36516'>return of the order<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[53]  Newspaper <span class=\"content\">\u201eDer Standard\u201c, Wien, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.derstandard.at\/story\/1302745589192\/frueherer-stellvertretender-apa-chefredakteur-altschul-gestorben\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Orbituary for Heinz Altschul<\/a> (German). Accessed on May 10, 2026.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. Incidentally, he would have <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36535'>shared<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[54]  Wikipedia: <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liste_der_Tr%C3%A4ger_des_Gro%C3%9Fen_Goldenen_Ehrenzeichens_am_Bande_f%C3%BCr_Verdienste_um_die_Republik_%C3%96sterreich_seit_1952\">List of recipients<\/a> of the Ehrenzeichen. Accessed on July 15, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> this view with <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-j-stamp\/#% E2%80%A6_zur_Wannseekonferenz\">Hans Globke<\/a>; the co-author of the Nuremberg Race Laws had risen to become State Secretary in the Federal Chancellery and Adenauer\u2019s \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-18976'>gray eminence<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[55]  Wikipedia about <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hans_Globke\">Hans Globke<\/a>, the \u201eMann behind Adenauer\u201c (German), retrieved Aug 1, 2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Obituaries\"><\/span>Obituaries<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Heinz Altschul passed away on April 19, 2011, in Vienna; he is survived by his daughters Susanne (b. 1951) and Margarete (1947\u20132025). His former colleagues at the APA and others paid tribute to him in <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36518'>obituaries<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[56]  <span class=\"content\">\"Der Standard\u201c, Vienna, Orbituary op.cit.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cAltschul\u2019s credo after World War II was to help build a democratic and free Austria\u2014and its journalistic counterpart\u2014transcending all ideological boundaries. He rejected totalitarian systems, regardless of their ideology.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cFor many years, Heinz Altschul was one of the country\u2019s most distinguished news agency journalists. He was both a critical thinker and a fatherly friend. Altschul will be missed by the APA family.\u201d (APA Editor-in-Chief Michael Lang).<\/p>\n<p>\u201cHeinz Altschul always had a deep understanding of the APA as a whole and of its role in Austrian public life. He rendered extraordinary service to the APA and will remain inextricably linked to the agency\u2019s history.\u201d (APA Managing Director Peter Kropsch).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile is-vertically-aligned-bottom\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"518\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Altschul_BeiAPA.Privat.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-35224 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Altschul_BeiAPA.Privat.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Altschul_BeiAPA.Privat-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Altschul_BeiAPA.Privat-768x497.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Heinz Altschul (right) during a meeting at the APA. Photo: S. Altschul archive.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">The journalist <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36528'>Georg Tillner<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[57]  <span class=\"content\">Georg Tillner \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/www.contor.at\/nachruf-auf-heinz-altschul\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Orbitury for Heinz Altschul<\/a>\u201c (German). Accessed on May 10, 2026.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> wrote: \u201cI know that he was one of those who, drawing on his own experience and his deep empathy for the world\u2019s cruelties and horrors, did not succumb to selfishness or bitterness. Instead, he drew from them a combative, uncompromising humanism. (\u2026) We need women and men like him who drive all the small and large cogs that make up society, and who do not look away, who do not turn countless small compromises into a great denial.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cMy father survived under difficult circumstances, and it was always a close call. He could have been caught at any moment while fleeing or trying to escape. I owe my life to his escape, if you will.\u201d (&#8230;) \u201cTo me, this shows how closely luck and misfortune lie side by side. That\u2019s always the case, but even more so in such extreme times. It also shows that people do not flee of their own free will\u2014something we should remind ourselves of time and again, even today.\u201d (<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36531'>Susanne Altschul<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[58]  <span class=\"content\">Etschmaier, Kainz op.cit.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>)<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Georg_Auer_%E2%80%9CI_have_one_more_question_first_%E2%80%A6_second_%E2%80%A6_third_%E2%80%A6%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>Georg Auer: \u201cI have one more question: first \u2026, second \u2026, third \u2026\u201d<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Georg Auer was born on <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36562'>August 4, 1922<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[59]  Wikipedia on <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georg_Auer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Georg Auer<\/a>. Accessed May 12, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, in Vienna into the Jewish family of Robert (1873\u20131942) and Ernestine, known as Erna (n\u00e9e Rubinova, 1885\u20131942). They had married in 1919. <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36564'>Robert<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[60]  <span class=\"content\">Martin Auer \u201eSteine der Erinnerung: <a href=\"https:\/\/dort.pw\/dort.php?grp=41&amp;show=1077\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Robert und Erna Auer<\/a>\u201c, online. In addition to a detailed biography of the parents, it also contains letters to Georg and Emil in Australia and to Hugo and Hilde in the USA. Retrieved on 25 July 2026.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> was a bank clerk and headed the office of the General Directorate of the Wiener Bankverein.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9CLeft-laning_like_his_parents%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>\u201cLeft-laning, like his parents\u201d<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Robert Auer was sympathetic to social democracy. However, his own experiences of political events may also have shaped his son Georg at an early age: During the Social Democratic <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36568'>uprising of February 1934<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[61]  <span class=\"content\">Wikipedia on the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Austrian_Civil_War\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">February Uprising<\/a>. Accessed July 19, 2026.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> against the Austrofascist dictatorship, government troops fired on the Karl-Marx-Hof workers\u2019 housing complex in Vienna with cannons that had been set up near his parents\u2019 apartment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"773\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AuerGeorg_1936Pfadfinder.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-35291 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AuerGeorg_1936Pfadfinder.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AuerGeorg_1936Pfadfinder-194x300.jpg 194w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Georg Auer, circa 1936, in his Boy Scout uniform. Photo: Auer Archive.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cI was already <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36572'>left-leaning<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[62]  Georg Auer in Erich Makomaski (ed.), \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kpoe-steiermark.at\/dl\/dd694de45f28903807a9c1925d10c44e\/F%C3%96J%201999.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Freie \u00d6sterreichische Jugend<\/a>\u201d, pp. 32\u201333; KP\u00d6 Styria online. Accessed June 20, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> thanks to my parents, who were Social Democrats. In 1934, at the age of 12, I joined a Boy Scout troop that was already being led\u2014illegally at the time\u2014by socialist students.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Georg&#8217;s son, Martin Auer, reconstructed the atmosphere toward the end of the Austrofascist dictatorship from 1930 to 1938 and the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36576'>invasion by Hitler&#8217;s Wehrmacht<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[63]  Martin Auer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.derstandard.de\/story\/3000000311053\/erinnerungen-an-den-13-maerz-1938\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Erinnerungen an den 13. M\u00e4rz 1938<\/a>\u201d (Memories of 13 March 1938), published on March 13, 2026 on the blog section of the newspaper \"Der Standard\". Accessed on June 15, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> from the perspective of his father, who was 15 years old at the time:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cReally, that time\u2014those last few days before the Anschluss. Of course, we weren\u2019t learning anything at school anymore. We just went out to demonstrate. Some of them were already pretty openly members of the Hitler Youth, wearing leather pants with those wide belts and white knee-high socks. And the others were just dressed a little differently. And we were out on the streets, we drove all around the Ringstrasse, beating and punching each other and yelling at one another. And the atmosphere in the classroom\u2014we knew, after all, it had long been common knowledge who was a Jew, who was a Red, who was a Christian Socialist, and who was a Nazi. That was common knowledge. We were incredibly politicized. And even if we\u2019d gotten along quite well before, afterward the atmosphere was terrible\u2014it turned into a brawl. That is, in the last few days before the Germans marched in.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kindertransport_to_England\"><\/span>Kindertransport to England<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Immediately after Austria\u2019s annexation into the \u201cGreater German\u201d Reich, the Nazis unleashed a wave of anti-Semitic violence. The fact that Jews in Vienna were forced to <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36580'>sweep the sidewalks<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[64]  Wikipedia on the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reibpartie\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reibpartie<\/a>\u201d. Accessed on March 10, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> was the least of it. Of the 542,000 Jews still living in Hitler\u2019s Reich, 192,000 were Austrians; in Vienna, they made up nine percent of the population. Austrian Nazis attempted to bring Jewish businesses into their posession through <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36584'>uncontrolled \u201cAryanization\u201d<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[65]  An example of \u2018rampant Aryanisation\u2019 is the story of <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/_sigmund-berger\/\">Sigmund Berger<\/a> and his chemist\u2019s shop.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> and present German profiteers with <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36596'>a fait accompli<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[66]  See Wikipedia on the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kristallnacht\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">November pogroms of 1938<\/a>. Accessed on March 10, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. Georg and his cousin Emil\u2014who was also born in 1922 and was a few weeks younger\u2014were lucky in their misfortune. In December 1938, they were able to escape to England on a <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36592'>Kindertransport<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[67]  Wikipedia on the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kindertransport\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kindertransporte<\/a>. Accessed on July 10, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> organized by the Quakers, thus putting them out of the Nazis\u2019 reach. <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36603'>Martin Auer<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[68]  Martin Auer, \u2018Erinnerungen \u2026\u2019 op.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>:<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cThose who stay here and those who leave know deep in their hearts that only a miracle can reunite them: the Kindertransport\u2014a program to send non-observant Jewish children, classified as Jewish under the Nuremberg Race Laws, to England. Our young man, now officially a chaperone because he\u2019s just over 16 years old, is among them. He\u2019d actually need a chaperone himself rather than being one right now. So now he leads his little group of wretches to the train\u2014and drags along his own suitcase full of misery.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The British government spared no expense in rescuing the children. On the contrary: A guarantee of 50 pounds sterling was required for each child so that the government would not have to finance their subsequent remigration, which it deemed desirable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Georgs_and_Emils_Families\"><\/span>Georg&#8217;s and Emil&#8217;s Families<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although Georg\u2019s parents, Robert and Erna, had received a sponsorship (\u201caffidavit\u201d) and ship tickets for the United States in 1941, the Nazis and the war prevented them from fleeing. Nevertheless, they remained in contact with their relatives through the Red Cross. On August 5, 1942, <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36626'>Robert and Erna<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[69]  <span class=\"content\">Martin Auer \u201eSteine der Erinnerung: \u2026\u201c op.cit.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> wrote to Hugo and Hilda in the U.S. and to Georg and Emil in Australia:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cWe expect to leave Vienna soon. (\u2026) It is uncertain whether we will ever see you again, but our thoughts are always with all of you, with love and loyalty.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This letter foreshadowed what would happen to them shortly thereafter. Robert and Erna Auer were deported to Theresienstadt on August 13, 1942, and from there were taken to the Treblinka extermination camp on September 26, 1942, where they were murdered.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Auer_Brief_klein.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"565\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Auer_Brief_klein.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-35266 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Auer_Brief_klein.png 800w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Auer_Brief_klein-300x212.png 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Auer_Brief_klein-768x542.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Robert and Erna&#8217;s farewell letter (click to enlarge). Source: M. Auer Archive.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Emil&#8217;s parents, Hugo and Hilda, were among the lucky ones who were able to flee in time and go to the United States.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9CLike_the_first_white_people_%E2%80%A6%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>\u201cLike the first white people \u2026\u201d<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In England, <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36632'>Georg and Emil<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[70]  Georg Auer, Emil Auer, Home Office index cards, via Ancestry.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> lived on a farm in Trimley (Suffolk). The Home Office listed Georg as an apprentice in furniture joinery at a company in nearby Felixtown. The <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/british-deportationspart-2-2\/\">British tribunals<\/a> ruled that Georg and Emil were \u201cexempt from internment.\u201d Half a year later, however, this ruling was rendered meaningless due to British fears of a Nazi invasion. Thousands of refugees and a handful of Nazis were arrested in their homes or at their workplaces as potential members of the Nazi \u201cfifth column\u201d and sent to internment camps. Georg was sent to Huyton near Liverpool, while Emil fared much worse in the worst camp <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36636'>Warth Mills<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[71]  Georg Auer, Emil Auer; personnel records held at the National Archives of Australia (NAA).<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> near Bury in Lancaster.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">More than 2,000 victims of Nazi persecution, including Georg and Emil, were taken to Liverpool on July 10, 1940, aboard the military transport ship <em>HMT<\/em> <em>Dunera<\/em> and shipped to Australia. <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36642'>Georg Auer<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[72]  <span class=\"content\">Auer in Makomaski op.cit.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> later commented:<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cSo I arrived in Australia, as one should\u2014just like the first white settlers, on a ship carrying convicts.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Delayed_Release\"><\/span>A Delayed Release<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After the <em>Dunera<\/em> docked in Sydney, 2,000 internees were transported to Hay (New South Wales). There were two camps built specifically for this purpose, separated only by a road. Georg and Emil were housed behind barbed wire in <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36645'>Camp 8<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[73]  Georg Auer, Emil Auer; personnel records held at the National Archives of Australia (NAA).<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> near Hay. The Hay internees were transferred in May 1941 to camps in the Tatura area (Victoria), where the climate was more bearable.<br><br>The British orders regarding Emil\u2019s and Georg\u2019s release are dated January 25, 1941. Due to Australian objections, their release was granted only on British soil. Anyone who wished to be released had to volunteer for the British engineering corps. The journey depended on available transportation. In addition, there was a great danger from submarine attacks, which had sunk two ships carrying internees\u2014the <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/three-ship-stories\/\"><em>Abosso<\/em> and the <em>Waroonga<\/em><\/a>.<br><br>Georg, Emil, and hundreds of other internees decided otherwise. The two had to spend another 14 months behind bars. After the Japanese air raids in early 1942, every available hand was needed in the economy. Only then did Australia change its xenophobic policy and offer naturalization or a right of residence to internees who <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-11864'>volunteered<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[74]  Cf. Note from the Adjudant-General to the Australian Parliament, March 29, 1946. National Archives of Australia (NAA), NAA_ItemNumber4938132, sheet 28, paragraph d.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> for the army. In April 1942, Georg and Emil were among the first to enlist in the 8th Employment Company. \u201cI thought it would help in the war against Hitler,\u201d <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36675'>Georg Auer<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[75]  Manfred Bobrowsky, video \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=PLVin5BhF70&amp;t=36s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Georg Auer spricht \u00fcber Exiljournalismus<\/a>\u201d (talks about journalism in exile)\u00a0 as part of the University of Vienna\u2019s \"Oral Video History Project\u201d series. Accessed June 16, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> recalled of that decision.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"661\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Tanzgruppe.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-35359 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Tanzgruppe.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Tanzgruppe-227x300.jpg 227w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cYoung Austria\u201d fostered the culture of their homeland. A dance group before their performance at Melbourne City Hall: Emil Auer (top row, left), Georg Auer (middle row, right), and Heinz Altschul (bottom row, second from the right). Source: Verein Kunstplatzl Wien, Young Austria Archive, Sonja Frank.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9EKnee-Top-Publishing%E2%80%9C\"><\/span>\u201eKnee-Top-Publishing\u201c<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cIt was only through my internment and deportation to Australia that I came into contact with a group of members from the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36679'>KPD and KP\u00d6<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[76]  KPD: Communist Party of Germany, KP\u00d6: Communist Party of Austria.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> who were already active in the internment camp. Austrian members of the group, such as Heinz Altschul, had been in contact with members of Young Austria in England. We parted ways with our German comrades regarding our external work and, with the help of young Austrians living in Australia, founded \u2018<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36682'>Young Austria in Australia<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[77]  <span class=\"content\">Auer in Makomaski op.cit.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.\u2019&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As with their counterparts in England, these groups debated the future of their homeland after the Nazis and fostered Austrian culture. They maintained contact with Australian labor unions and religious groups. This took place even though political activity within the army was technically prohibited. However, they were able to get around this by meeting in private homes, among other places.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cFor me, journalism that advocates for specific goals began in Australia: crouching on a straw mattress in a military tent, in 50 degrees in the shade, a worn-out typewriter on my knees, typing out a cool, reasoned argument. (\u2026) That was <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36684'>Knee-Top Publishing<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[78]  Georg Auer, \u2018Down under \u2013 ganz unten drunter\u00a0 \u2026\u2019 in <a href=\"https:\/\/medienundzeit.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/MZ_digital_1988-01_ocr.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Medien &amp; Zeit<\/a> (German) No. 1\/88, p. 24. Accessed on July 20, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>,\u201d said Georg Auer, alluding to what would later become desktop publishing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Georg wrote articles for the monthly magazine of the exile organization \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36687'>Friends of Democratic Austria<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[79]  Maria Bianca Fanta, <a href=\"https:\/\/real-phd.mtak.hu\/441\/1\/592-dissertationfanta_DOI.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Short biography of G. Auer<\/a> in \u2018Die Arbeiter der Feder. Journalisten der kommunistischen Parteizeitung \u201c\u00d6sterreichische Volksstimme\u201d und die Z\u00e4suren ihrer Lebensgeschichten (1945\u20131956)\u2019; doctoral thesis, p. 131. Accessed on March 10, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cEvery article is always reviewed by a communist, a socialist, a conservative Catholic, a devout Catholic, and a devout Jew. (\u2026) That was a good learning experience for me at the \u2018Volksstimme\u2019.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Among other things, one of Thomas Mann\u2019s radio appeals was translated and published. For radio stations, German broadcasts were monitored for a fee, and the texts were translated into English. \u201cI had no journalistic ambitions back then,\u201d Georg Auer emphasized. His goal was to \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36691'>spread political views<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[80]  <span class=\"content\">Manfred Bobrowsky, video, op.cit.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> among the people.\u201d Georg Auer joined the Communist Party of Austria (KP\u00d6) in Australia in 1943.<br><br>After his military service ended, Georg and his cousin Emil went their separate ways. Emil had already been discharged in June 1945, married an Australian woman that same year, and became a naturalized citizen in 1947. His marriage to Hazel Doreen ended in divorce in 1952. In 1955, Emil moved to New York, where his parents, Hugo and Hilda, lived.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Back_in_England\"><\/span>Back in England<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Georg decided to return to England. Immediately after completing his military service on January 10, 1946, he embarked on this journey on February 23 aboard the <em>Athlone Castle<\/em>. Among the passengers were Franz Stampfl from Vienna\u2014who would later become a highly successful track and field coach\u2014as well as the communists from Berlin: Heinrich Eggebrecht (\u201cPiepel\u201d), Albert Kleeberg, Paul Friedl\u00e4nder (\u201cBonzo\u201d), Klaus Wilzcynski, and other former internees. All of them had served in the 8th Employment Company.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Editor_for_the_KPO_in_Vienna\"><\/span>Editor for the KP\u00d6 in Vienna<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After his return, Georg worked briefly in Vienna at the Austria Press Agency (APA) and for a regional newspaper affiliated with the Communist Party of Austria (KP\u00d6). In January 1947, he became an editor in the local news desk of the KP\u00d6\u2019s national newspaper, *Volksstimme*. He received a tip about the whereabouts of Ernst R\u00fcdiger Starhemberg, a former Heimwehr leader who had secretly returned from Argentina. Georg Auer had sharply criticized the Austrofascist veteran and proven enemy of democracy. Like the Social Democrats and others, he had demanded that the man be immediately expelled from Austria. On March 15, 1956, Auer traveled to Schruns and photographed the Austrofascist while he was out for a walk. When the man noticed this, he attacked Georg, using his walking stick as a club, and died of a heart attack in the process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cAs I was photographing Starhemberg, he charged at me, cursing and shouting \u2018Communist pig\u2019 with his cane raised, but collapsed and died right then and there,\u201d <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36694'>recalled Georg Auer<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[81]  <span class=\"content\">\u201eFreie \u00d6sterreichische Jugend\u201c op.cit.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile is-vertically-aligned-top\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"632\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/AuerFamilie_Volksstimme_Auer.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-38468 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/AuerFamilie_Volksstimme_Auer.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/AuerFamilie_Volksstimme_Auer-300x237.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/AuerFamilie_Volksstimme_Auer-768x607.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The \u201cVolksstimme\u201d published the photo of the Auer family a few days before Georg began his prison sentence. Photo credit: Martin Auer Archive.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-border-color is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-color:#d45847;border-width:4px;padding-top:0;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:0;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);box-shadow:var(--wp--preset--shadow--sharp);flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">E.R. von Starhemberg<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br><em><span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36707'>Ernst R\u00fcdiger von Starhemberg<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[82]  <span class=\"content\">Wikipedia on <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ernst_R%C3%BCdiger_Starhemberg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Starhemberg<\/a>. Accessed on July 8, 2026.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (b. 1899) <\/em>had <em>taken part in Hitler\u2019s march on the Feldherrnhalle in 1923.<\/em> <em>In 1930, he became the national leader of the paramilitary organization \u201cHeimatschutz.\u201d<\/em> <em>During the Austrofascist era, he served as Vice Chancellor and, beginning in 1934, also as Minister of Security.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-bottom:0;flex-basis:50%\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right caption wp-block-paragraph\">Starhemberg in the uniform of the <em>\u201cHeimatschutz\u201d<\/em>. Source: Wikipedia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);flex-basis:50%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/starhemberg.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-37422\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0\"><em>An attempt to merge his paramilitary forces with the Nazis failed because Hitler did not want to cede <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36710'>leadership<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[83]  <span class=\"content\">Anna Maria Sigmund \u201eF\u00fcr oder gegen die Nazis\u201c, <a href=\"https:\/\/austria-forum.org\/af\/AEIOU\/Starhemberg%2C_Ernst_R%C3%BCdiger_F%C3%BCrst\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Austria Forum<\/a> online (German). Accessed on May 15, 2026.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> to him. Starhemberg left the government and Austria when the two countries began negotiations in 1936. From then on, he called himself an opponent of the Nazis. After the \u201cAnschluss\u201d in 1938, however, he claimed that he had always been in favor of an alliance with the Nazis.<\/em><br><br><em>In 1940, he took the opposite stance and supported de Gaulle and his <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36714'>Forces fran\u00e7aises libres<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[84]  <span class=\"content\">Wikipedia on <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Free_France\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Free France<\/a>.\u00a0 Accessed on June 6, 2026.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. There, as early as 1941, he withdrew in protest against the Allies\u2019 alliance with the Soviet Union and fled to Argentina. After the war, following years of legal battles, he secured the restitution of his estates\u2014which had been expropriated by the Nazis\u2014and was granted citizenship in 1954. He returned to Austria in secret.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In a separate case, Georg Auer was convicted in 1958 of an alleged \u201cdefamation of character.\u201d As a result, Georg Auer was sentenced in 1958 to four weeks in prison for \u201cdefamation of character.\u201d He was sentenced to \u201cone month of confinement, compounded by one week of hard bed\u201d for an article written by a colleague at the &#8220;Volksstimme&#8221;, because he was, at the time, \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-38451'>responsible editor<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[85]  Wikipedia describes the position of \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sitzredakteur\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">responsible editor<\/a>\u201d (German) as a consequence of press censorship during the Weimar Republic. Wikipedia quotes the following from B. Traven\u2019s 1929 novel \"<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_White_Rose_(Traven_novel)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The White Rose<\/a>\": \u201cSocialist and communist newspapers sometimes have so-called \u2018resident editors\u2019 who must serve out, in one form or another, all penalties imposed on the newspapers, so that the newspaper\u2019s more valuable staff members are spared.\u201d This is also consistent with postwar Austrian press law. Retrieved on October 7, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d (Sitzredakteur) under press law. The ruling\u2014which was widely criticized as biased and politically motivated in the context of the Cold War\u2014was intended to harm the &#8220;Volksstimme&#8221; and the Communists. Even the Association of Newspaper Publishers had described this ruling as a threat to freedom of the press. Auer\u2019s editorial team called it \u201can overt intervention in the political struggle.\u201d<strong><br><\/strong><br>It is possible that the verdict also reflected a desire on the part of the government. The then <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36697'>Chancellor Julius Raab<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[86]  <span class=\"content\">Wikipedia on <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Julius_Raab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Julius Raab<\/a>. Accessed on July 7, 2026.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (1891\u20131964) and other ministers of the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36701'>\u00d6sterreichische Volkspartei<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[87]  Wikipedia on the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Austrian_People's_Party\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00d6VP<\/a> . Accessed on July 16, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (\u00d6VP, Austrian People\u2019s Party) had taken their first political steps\u2014as functionaries of Starhemberg\u2019s paramilitary groups\u2014by destroying Austrian democracy. The \u201cOstm\u00e4rkische Sturmscharen,\u201d led at the time by Raab, had also made the \u201cautonomous elimination of Jewish dominance\u201d their rallying cry\u2014a stance they later, of course, denied any connection to. Raab had, among other things, appointed former Nazis as ministers. Was the aim now to silence critics?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Georg Auer served as an editor at the \u201cVolksstimme\u201d for 23 years. Together with Ernst Fettner, he headed the social policy editorial department for many years. He founded and oversaw the automotive section. In 1970, he left the KP\u00d6 \u201cdue to <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36704'>internal party differences<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[88]  <span class=\"content\">Auer in Makomaski op.cit.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d over the suppression of the \u201cPrague Spring\u201d and was consequently forced to leave the editorial staff of the party newspaper.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9CSchurl%E2%80%9D_the_%E2%80%9Cnoble_pen%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>\u201cSchurl,\u201d the \u201cnoble pen\u201d<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He initially worked as a taxi driver and freelance journalist, then as a motor journalist for the \u201cWochenpresse\u201d and trade journals. \u201cGeorg \u2018Schurl\u2019 Auer was a star writer for \u2018Auto Information\u2019\u2014who still remembers his weekly \u2018Spectator\u2019?\u201d wrote the magazine \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36717'>Auto &amp; Wirtschaft<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[89]  <span class=\"content\">\u201eAuto &amp; Wirtschaft\u201c <a href=\"https:\/\/autoundwirtschaft.at\/news\/50282-45-lustig-raucht-trinkt-und-luegt-nicht\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">online<\/a> from March 15, 2022. Accessed on June 8, 2026.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.\u201d Even in retirement, Georg Auer remained active in this field. He was likely \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36721'>the world\u2019s oldest active automotive journalist<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[90]  <span class=\"content\">Martin Auer, \u201eErinnerungen \u2026\u201c, op.cit.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>,\u201d his son Martin surmised.<br><br>Georg had married <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36724'>Gertrude<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[91]  <span class=\"content\">Benedikt Narodoslawsky \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/www.derstandard.de\/story\/3000000265339\/als-das-rote-wien-die-arbeiterfamilie-sokopp-aus-dem-elend-holte\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Als das Rote Wien<\/a> die Arbeiterfamilie Sokopp aus dem Elend holte\u201c (<\/span>When \u2018Red Vienna\u2019 lifted the Sokopp working-class family out of poverty<span class=\"content\">). In \u201eDer Standard\u201c online from April 16, 2025. Accessed on July 15, 2026.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (n\u00e9e Sokopp), who came from a Viennese working-class family. Her father <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36728'>Jakob<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[92]  <span class=\"content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/anno.onb.ac.at\/cgi-content\/anno?aid=dar&amp;datum=18860109&amp;seite=3&amp;zoom=33&amp;query=%22Jakob%22%2B%22sokopp%22&amp;ref=anno-search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Report<\/a> in \u201eDie Arbeit\u201c from January 9, 1886, p. 3, und <a href=\"https:\/\/anno.onb.ac.at\/cgi-content\/anno?aid=aze&amp;datum=19251007&amp;seite=4&amp;zoom=33&amp;query=%22jakob%22%2B%22sokopp%22&amp;ref=anno-search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">obituary<\/a> from \u201eArbeiter-Zeitung\u201c from October 7, 1925, p. 4. Accessed on July 20, 2026.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (1855\u20131925) was a co-founder of the first metalworkers\u2019 union and served as its chairman until 1896. Gertrude\u2019s sister <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36732'>Oswalda<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[93]  A short biography of Oswalda Tonka in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.friedensatlas.at\/karte\/orte\/oswalda-tonka\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Friedensatlas Online<\/a> (German). Accessed on July 14, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (married name Tonka, 1923\u20131999) fought against the Nazis in the resistance and alongside Slovenian partisans.<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cMarx and Engels are just as little to blame for the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36736'>misinterpretations<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[94]  <span class=\"content\">Martin Auer, \u201eErinnerungen \u2026\u201c, op.cit.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> of their correct insights as Christ is for those of his. That does not make these teachings any less correct.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSince I\u2019m not good at anything, I became a journalist.\u201d And: \u201cWhen I stop working, I\u2019ll probably drop dead,\u201d <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36738'>Georg Auer summed up<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[95]  <span class=\"content\">Michael V\u00f6lker \u201eIch arbeite, bis ich umfall\u201c in Der Standard from May 2, 2001. Accessed on June 17, 2026.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> his life.<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Georg Auer died on October 22, 2004, in Vienna. He is survived by his sons <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36741'>Martin<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[96]  <span class=\"content\">Martin Auer, \u201eErinnerungen \u2026\u201c, op.cit.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (born 1951) an Michael and daughter Marianne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"From_an_obituary\"><\/span>From an obituary<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201c\u2018Schurli,\u2019 as he was also known, wrote for renowned publications such as PS-Report, Automotive News, and the Swiss Automobil Revue. The <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36744'>widely respected expert<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[97]  <span class=\"content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/reifenpresse.de\/2004\/10\/26\/georg-auer-verstorben\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Neue Reifenzeitung<\/a> online on October\u00a0 26, 2004. Accessed on July 20, 2026.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in the automotive industry gained fame for his \u201cthree questions\u201d\u2014delivered in a strikingly deep voice\u2014during press conferences: \u2018I have one more question: first \u2026, second \u2026, third \u2026\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Arthur_West_%E2%80%9C%E2%80%A6the_Earth_perhaps_a_little_less_hellish%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>Arthur West: \u201c\u2026the Earth perhaps a little less hellish\u201d<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Arthur was born <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36748'>Arthur Rosenthal<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[98]  Arthur Rosenthal: Home Office records via Ancestry, personnel files from the National Archives of Australia (NAA_ItemNumber8618173, NAA_ItemNumber9906992). Accessed June 3, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> on August 24, 1922, into a Jewish family in Vienna. His parents were Wilhelm, known as Willi, Rosenthal (1895\u20131981) and Elisabeth Rausnitz (1896\u20131983).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Family\"><\/span>The Family<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Immediately after their marriage in 1920, Arthur\u2019s parents had moved to Palestine. Willi\u2014now <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36752'>Uri Nadav<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[99]  <span class=\"content\">Records on Arthur Rosenthal in NAA_ItemNumber9906992; family tree Wilhelm Uri Rosenthal (Nadav) via ancestry.de; Uri Nadav in <a href=\"https:\/\/www-tidhar-tourolib-org.translate.goog\/tidhar\/view\/6\/2666?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enzyklopedia of the Founders and Builders of Israel<\/a>. Accessed on July 7, 2026.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2014was active in the Zionist sports movement there, just as he had been in Vienna. During the war, he served as an officer in the Royal Army Service Corps. In Palestine, he became known as a leading member of the Maccabi movement.<br><br>Elisabeth contracted typhus while pregnant with Arthur and returned to Vienna to receive better medical care. She remained there by Arthur\u2019s side until she knew he was free in 1938. She then went to stay with relatives in Zagreb, where she joined the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36756'>Yugoslav partisans<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[100]  <span class=\"content\">Wikipedia on <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arthur_West\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Arthur West<\/a> (German). Accessed on June 20, 2026.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> during the war. One of her brothers was murdered there by Ustasha fascists. After the victory in Yugoslavia, Elisabeth joined the British Army, according to her grandson Paul West. Elisabeth later moved back to Vienna. She entered into a marriage of convenience with Johann Bl\u00fchweiss but lived with her brother <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36760'>Rudolf Rausnitz<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[101]  Telephone calls with Hans West on March 19, and July 27, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<br><br>As it was for all Jews, the Nazi Wehrmacht\u2019s invasion of Austria (\u201cAnschluss\u201d) in March 1938 marked a turning point for Arthur as well. The 15-year-old was expelled from school. The next major milestone in his life was his escape to Great Britain, arranged by a relief organization. \u201cI was allowed to enter England because someone had assumed \u2018selection liability\u2019\u2014that is, provided this guarantee.\u201d <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36764'>Arthur\u2019s statement<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[102]  <span class=\"content\">Manfred Bobrowsky, video \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=WM0x-dB60FU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Arthur West. Literat, Journalist<\/a>\u201c; \u201eProjekt Oral Video History\u201c Uni Wien, accessed on June 6, 15, 2026. And Phne Calls op.cit.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> refers to his escape via a Kindertransport. He had been able to take part in it together with his cousin <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-38069'>Edith Nachod<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[103]  Email from Paul West dated October 2, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. The British government required the host families of Jewish children from Germany and Austria to provide a <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36767'>guarantee of 50 \u00a3<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[104]  Wikipedia on Kindertransporte op.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. In today\u2019s terms, that amounts to about 1,500 euros or 2,460 AUD, though purchasing power was significantly higher back then.<br><br>Even before the war ended, Elisabeth had tried to find out what had become of Arthur and Edith. A <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-38072'>letter<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[105]  Letter from the Metropolitan Police, March 1945. Paul West Archive.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> informed her that both were now married and that Arthur had taken his wife&#8217;s name and was serving in the intelligence section of the 3rd Battalion of the Monmouth Regiment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Exile_in_London\"><\/span>Exile in London<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In London, Arthur worked as a laborer in a shoe factory under terrible conditions; he could <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36770'>not afford a meal every day<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[106]  <span class=\"content\">Bobrowsky, video, op.cit.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. Documents from the British Home Office listed his occupation as \u201cTrainee, Handbag Making.\u201d<br><br>On October 3, 1939, a tribunal classified him in <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36773'>Category \u201cB\u201d<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[107]  Home Office, file cards Arthur Rosenthal op.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. He himself attributed this to the fact that his passport did not have a \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-j-stamp\/\">Jewish stamp<\/a>\u201d because the document had been issued before the relevant <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36776'>Nazi decree<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[108]  <span class=\"content\">Bobrowsky, video op.cit.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. In this way, Great Britain placed Arthur and thousands of others persecuted by the Nazis under blanket suspicion of being Nazis! In June 1940, Churchill had ordered the mass internment of refugees who had been considered \u201cenemy aliens\u201d since the start of the war. Agreements were reached with the governments of Canada and Australia to accept thousands of civilian internees and prisoners of war.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"504\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/West_HomeOffice.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-35296 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/West_HomeOffice.png 800w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/West_HomeOffice-300x189.png 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/West_HomeOffice-768x484.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Home Office index card for the Jewish refugee Arthur Rosenthal: Suspected of being a Nazi. Via Ancestry.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Internment_and_Deportation\"><\/span>Internment and Deportation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Having been branded as suspected Nazi sympathizers, Arthur Rosenthal and his fellow sufferers were particularly \u201csuitable\u201d for internment and subsequent deportation overseas. He was arrested at his workplace on May 16, 1940; this was shortly before his weekly wages were to be paid, so he <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36779'>had hardly any cash<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[109]  Ibid.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> on him. He was interned at the Kempton Park camp near London. This camp, located on a horse racing track with a railroad connection, was \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36782'>unsuitable<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[110]  Minutes of the House of Commons, August 20, 1940, speech by <a href=\"https:\/\/api.parliament.uk\/historic-hansard\/commons\/1940\/aug\/20\/internees\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Anthony Eden<\/a>. The debate subsequently turned, amongst other things, to the repatriation of \u2018deportees\u2019 from Canada; the Dunera was still at sea. Accessed on May 10, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> for many of the internees temporarily housed there\u201d due to its completely inadequate facilities. The British Foreign Secretary <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36786'>Anthony Eden<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[111]  Wikipedia on <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anthony_Eden\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Anthony Eden<\/a>, Accessed on May 10, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (1897\u20131977) had to admit in the House of Commons on August 20, 1940. The independent Member of Parliament <em><span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-26798'>Eleanor Rathbone<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[112]  Wikipedia about <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eleanor_Rathbone\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Eleanor Rathbone<\/a>, accessed September 10, 2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> (1872\u20131946), who was deeply committed to the cause of the internees, <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36792'>asked Eden<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[113]  House of Commons Minutes, op. cit., speech by Eleanor Rathbone.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>:<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"first-para\" style=\"margin-left: 35.4pt;\">\u201cIs the Representative not aware that there was neither a bed nor a sleeping mat nor a chair there, so that the sick and elderly internees had to sleep on the bare floor; and why was the facility reported as ready, even though it was by no means ready?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Secretary was unable to answer this question.<br><br>The sinking of the second internment ship <em>Arandora Star<\/em> on July 2, 1940, and the scandalous events on the <em>Dunera<\/em>\u2014which later came to light\u2014intensified public and parliamentary criticism of the mass internments. This forced a change in the government\u2019s policy toward refugees. &#8220;<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36797'>White Pages<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[114]  <span class=\"content\">See Rachel Pistol, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rachelpistol.com\/post\/routes-out-of-internment-a-handy-reference-guide\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Routes out of internment<\/a> \u2013 a handy reference guide to White Paper categories\" (7\/2020). Accessed on July 5, 2026.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#8220;, aset of criteria which was expanded several times, established the guidelines for the release of internees beginning in July 1940, regardless of whether they were detained in England or overseas. For the internees who had been deported overseas, this came too late.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/rathborneEleanor.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-25934\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/rathborneEleanor.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/rathborneEleanor-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/rathborneEleanor-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/EdenAnthony_Wiki.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-35334\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/EdenAnthony_Wiki.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/EdenAnthony_Wiki-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/EdenAnthony_Wiki-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"caption wp-block-paragraph\">Debate in the House of Commons: Eleanor Rathbone sided with the internees, while Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden sided with his political mentor, Churchill. Sources: Wikipedia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On July 10, 1940, Arthur was deported to Australia on the fifth and final transport aboard the <em>HMT Dunera<\/em>. His name appears, like that of Heinz Altschul, on <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36800'>list no. 12<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[115]  <span class=\"content\">HMT Dunera, \"Embarkation List no.12\" in NAA_ItemNumber657104.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> of the Nominal Roll. The <em>Dunera<\/em>, with 2,500 prisoners on board, did not arrive in Australia until early September 1940. Arthur Rosenthal was housed (along with Heinz Altschul and Georg Auer) in <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36806'>Internment Camp No. 8<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[116]  Personnel file for Arthur Rosenthal, NAA_ItemNumber9906992, op.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> near Hay (New South Wales).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:66% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"654\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/19401205_Wittenberg_BarbedWireAustralia_Burman.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-35318 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/19401205_Wittenberg_BarbedWireAustralia_Burman.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/19401205_Wittenberg_BarbedWireAustralia_Burman-300x196.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/19401205_Wittenberg_BarbedWireAustralia_Burman-768x502.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Australia, as seen by Emil Wittenberg, a Dunera artist who was also from Vienna, on December 5, 1940, at the Hay camp. Courtesy of Martin F. Burman.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Arthur\u2019s son Hans recalled one of the few stories his father told about Australia. In Hay, an appendectomy was performed botched; the wound had to be sutured with <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36840'>17 stitches<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[117]  Telefonate aao.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. Arthur\u2019s <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36814'>internee file<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[118]  Personal records A. Rosenthal, NAA, op.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> confirmed his stay at the army hospital and subsequently at the district hospital in Hay from January 20 to February 5, 1941.<br><br>Shortly thereafter, the internees were transferred to camps near Tatura (Victoria), which had a more pleasant climate. Arthur West worked as a nurse and, \u201cfor the first time in his life,\u201d contributed to a wall newspaper. Initially handwritten, it reported on daily life and events in the camp. It also addressed the status of internees suspected of being Nazis. Internees who were actors read his poems aloud for the first time.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Release_and_Return_to_England\"><\/span>Release and Return to England<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile is-vertically-aligned-bottom\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"705\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/WestArthur_-Uniform_WestPaul.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-38091 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/WestArthur_-Uniform_WestPaul.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/WestArthur_-Uniform_WestPaul-213x300.jpg 213w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Arthur West in a British uniform: Photo: Paul West Archiv.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The aforementioned list of criteria could not be applied in Australia until Major Julian Layton arrived in March 1941 as the British government\u2019s liaison officer. He initially recruited internees to serve in unarmed British engineering units or perform other tasks essential to the war effort in England. By the end of 1941, he had arranged for 747 men to be transported to England.<br><br>The Home Office had indeed ordered Arthur\u2019s release and repatriation to England on May 17, 1941. To legalize this, his classification was changed to Category \u201cC\u201d as a <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36819'>refugee<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[119]  <span class=\"content\">Arthur Rosenthal, file cards op.cit.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. Because Australia\u2019s xenophobic government refused to grant any release on its territory, the only path to the longed-for freedom in England was the perilous sea route. Until that became possible, Arthur had to spend another five months behind barbed wire.<br><br>The <em>Stirling Castle<\/em> had set sail from Sydney on October 13, 1941, and arrived in Liverpool on November 28, 1941. According to the passenger list, with 378 men on board, it was the largest repatriation transport of German and Austrian internees from Australia. Arthur Rosenthal was part of a group of 80 internees who, according to the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36823'>passenger list<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[120]  Passenger list for the voyage via Ancestry, accessed on April 25, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, embarked on the journey with \u201cspecial authorization from the Home Office.\u201d 288 internees were listed with the note, \u201creturning to join the Pioneer Corps.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"With_%E2%80%9CYoung_Austria%E2%80%9D_and_as_a_British_soldier\"><\/span>With \u201cYoung Austria\u201d and as a British soldier<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Arthur Rosenthal was released upon landing and remained in England. He worked as a cutter in a belt factory and as a lathe operator. He was politically active alongside fellow Austrians in the group \u201cYoung Austria.\u201d Their primary focus was the future of their homeland following the defeat of fascism. While in exile in Britain, Arthur joined the Communist Youth League of Austria in 1942. In 1943, he married Edith West (*April 14, 1919), an emigrant and fellow party member from Vienna whom he had met through \u201cYoung Austria.\u201d He took her last name. Their friend, the writer Erich Fried, served as one of the best men.<br><br>\u201cIn the summer of 1943, in a rather spectacular act, we formed a long line in front of a recruitment office in London and signed up for the army. Most of us were accepted,\u201d <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36832'>Arthur recalled<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[121]  <span class=\"content\">Bobrowsky, video, op.cit.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. In 1944, Private West took part in the Allied landings in Normandy and fought as a tank grenadier with the 2nd Battalion, Monmouthshire Regiment, until the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36829'>crossing of the Aller River<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[122]  Wikipedia on the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monmouthshire_Regiment#2nd_Battalion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unit<\/a>, Accessed on June 30, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> on April 11, 1945. Among other things, he served as editor of his unit\u2019s newspaper, the \u201cDaily Dragon.\u201d After the war ended, the unit was stationed with the \u201cCentral Mediterranean Forces\u201d in Italy. Arthur West entered the one-act play \u201cWhy the Bells of St. Mary\u2019s Rang\u201d in a drama competition organized by the Allied armies. Awarded the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36835'>first prize<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[123]  See <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iwm.org.uk\/collections\/item\/object\/205540622\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">photo caption<\/a> \u201cC.M.F. Arts Festival: Rome 1946\u201d, Imperial War Museum NA 26726. Accessed June 12, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, the play was performed in Rome in March 1946.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"491\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/WestEArthur1946Rom_IMW.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-35202 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/WestEArthur1946Rom_IMW.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/WestEArthur1946Rom_IMW-300x295.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cWhy the Bells of St. Mary&#8217;s Rang\u201d on stage in Rome. Photo: Imperial War Museum, No. NA26726.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Return_to_Vienna\"><\/span>Return to Vienna<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1946, Edith and Arthur returned to Vienna, Arthur&#8217;s hometown, with their first son, Hans (b. 1946). Their second son, Paul, was born in 1948.<br><br>Since the Nazis had prevented him from graduating from high school and formal vocational training had not been possible in exile, his relationship with the language was Arthur\u2019s sole point of reference. The Communist Party of Austria (KP\u00d6) employed him as an editor at its Vienna-based Globus Publishing House until 1958; afterward, he worked as a proofreader at the party\u2019s printing plant. Between about 1958 and 1964, he also led a group within the KP\u00d6\u2019s children\u2019s organization, the \u201cJunge Garde,\u201d of which Paul and Hans were also members. From 1967 until his retirement in 1982, he served as culture editor of the party newspaper *Volksstimme* and, beginning in 1969, as head of that department. Unlike the Dunera Boys and editorial colleagues Heinz Altschul and Georg Auer, Arthur was among the party members who supported the suppression of the \u201cPrague Spring\u201d in 1968.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"545\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/WestEArthur1988_KlahrGes.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-35197 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/WestEArthur1988_KlahrGes.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/WestEArthur1988_KlahrGes-300x204.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/WestEArthur1988_KlahrGes-768x523.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-bottom:0\">Arthur West spoke on March 12, 1988, in Vienna at a protest against the former UN Secretary-General and Austrian president Kurt Waldheim, who had come under suspicion of being a perpetrator for concealing his membership in the SA. Photo: KP\u00d6 Archive.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-border-color is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-color:#d45847;border-width:4px;padding-top:0;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:0;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);box-shadow:var(--wp--preset--shadow--sharp);flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-bottom:0\"><strong><em>By the way &#8230;<\/em><\/strong><br><br><em><em>\u2026 20 Dunera Boys listed \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36843'>journalist<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[124]  See Paul R. Bartrop and Gabrielle Eisen, \"The Dunera Affair: A Documentary Resource Book\", list of occupations of those interned in Australia, p 385f.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d<\/em> as their occupation, while another 12 listed \u201cphotographer\u201d <em>. <em>Many of them\u2014and others\u2014worked as journalists after their return:<\/em><\/em><\/em> <em>In the GDR, Werner Goldstein (1923\u20132006) was an editor at the SED newspaper *Neues Deutschland*, Klaus Wilczynski (1920\u20132008) worked for the SED\u2019s regional \u201cBerliner Zeitung.\u201d Hans Jacobus (1923\u20132003) became known nationwide through \u201cDas Professoren-Kollegium tagt\u201d; the radio and TV program answered questions from the public from 1963 to 1990. <\/em><br><br><em>Alfred Joachim Fischer (1909\u20131992) settled in West Berlin. Unlike his colleagues in the GDR, he worked as a freelancer for, among others, the U.S. propaganda radio station RIAS. He was pro-Israel and known as an anti-communist.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the annual \u201cVolksstimme\u201d festival in Vienna\u2019s Prater, Arthur was one of the initiators and organizers of \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36848'>Das Linke Wort<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[125]  <span class=\"content\">Wikipedia on \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Linkes_Wort\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Das Linke Wort<\/a>\u201c, accessed on June 10, 2026.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.\u201d Since 1975, this event has served as a platform for readings and debates on the development of Austrian literature. Prominent authors such as <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36851'>Helmut Zenker<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[126]  <span class=\"content\">Wikipedia \u00fcber <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Helmut_Zenker\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Helmut Zenker<\/a> (German) became known to German TV viewers as the writer of the satirical crime series \u2018Kottan ermittelt\u2019. Accessed on June, 10, 2026.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (1949\u20132003), <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36855'>Peter Turrini<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[127]  Wikipedia on Peter Turrini, whose six-part \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Die_Alpensaga\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alpensaga<\/a>\u201d was broadcast on ZDF in 1976 in Germany. Accessed on June 10, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, and the 2004 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36859'>Elfriede Jelinek<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[128]  <span class=\"content\">Wikipedia on <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elfriede_Jelinek\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Elfriede Jelinek<\/a> (Germas), accessed on June 10, 2026.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> took part and became friends with Arthur and Edith.<br><br>Arthur West<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cwas not only a long-time member of the Communist Party\u2019s Politburo, but also wrote remarkable poetry and turned the arts section of the party\u2019s official press organ <em>Die Volksstimme<\/em> into a quasi-liberal cultural section,\u201d<\/p>\n<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">emphasized an author from the newspaper <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36863'>Der Standard<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[129]  <span class=\"content\">Ronald Pohl \u201eWas ist vom <a href=\"https:\/\/www.derstandard.at\/story\/2000130117025\/was-ist-vom-kommunismus-made-in-austria-zu-halten\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kommunismus \u201amade in Austria\u2018<\/a> zu halten?\u201c (<\/span>What are we to make of \u2018made in Austria\u2019 communism?<span class=\"content\">)\u00a0 in Der Standard online, October 2, 2021.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<br><br>The writer Gerald Grassl also recalls a <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36868'>cultural-political aspect<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[130]  <span class=\"content\">Gerald Grassl, \u201eZwei Leben f\u00fcr die Literatur\u201c (Two Lives Devoted to Literature) in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.klahrgesellschaft.at\/Mitteilungen\/Grassl_3_22.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mitteilungen der Alfred Klahr Gesellschaft<\/a> 3\/2022, pp. 24f. Accessed on June 10, 2026.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> of Arthur West\u2019s editorial work:<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cUnder his leadership, the *Volksstimme* was the first daily newspaper in Austria, and for many years it remained the only one to provide detailed coverage of every children\u2019s and youth theater event and every new children\u2019s and youth film.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition to his work as an editor, he became known in Austria for his plays, poetry, prose, essays, cultural-political and political writings, and translations. He had already published his first works in 1943 through an exile publishing house in England. In 1961, his play \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-35885'>Fr\u00fchling<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[131]  Selma Steinmetz \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/anno.onb.ac.at\/cgi-content\/anno-plus?aid=dnm&amp;datum=1961&amp;page=35&amp;size=45&amp;qid=Q0EU7C98SZMSM9Y1JPQUTBQCA4BEGK\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Arthur Wests \u201aFr\u00fchling\u2018<\/a> in \u201eDer neue Mahnruf\u201c Nr. 6\/1961, Seite 5 via Anno. Abgerufen am 20.7.2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>,\u201d about the resistance in Austria, won first prize at the Vienna Theater of Courage. The play was performed that same year at the Vienna Festival.<br><br>Arthur was active in the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36875'>Jura Soyfer<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[132]  <span class=\"content\">Wikipedia on the <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jura_Soyfer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Austrian writer<\/a>, murdered by the Nazis, an the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.soyfer.at\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jura Soyfer-Gesellschaft<\/a> (German).<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> Society, which honors the memory of the writer who died of typhus at the age of 26 in the Buchenwald concentration camp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Belated_Official_Recognition\"><\/span>Belated Official Recognition<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Arthur West was honored by the Austrian government relatively late in life: he was awarded the title of professor in 1986. He received the Austrian Cross of Honor for Science and Art in 1995.<br><br>Arthur West also left his mark in Gransee, on the outskirts of Berlin: \u201cThe impetus to expand Edition Schwarzdruck\u2019s business model to include \u2018normal\u2019 publishing came from Arthur West, who complained that the \u2018press prints\u2019 published by Schwarzdruck were indeed very beautiful, but also not cheap and took so long to produce,\u201d recalls the publisher\u2019s founder, Marc Berger. Since 1997, numerous works by Arthur West have been published by Edition Schwarzdruck.<br><br>Arthur West passed away on August 16, 2000, in Vienna and was laid to rest amid widespread mourning. He is survived by his wife, Edith, and his sons, Hans and Paul.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><em>I can&#8217;t make<\/em><br><em>heaven more heavenly;<\/em><br><em>but earth perhaps<\/em><br><em>a little less hellish.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"875\" height=\"373\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/WestArthur_Cover.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-35303 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/WestArthur_Cover.png 875w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/WestArthur_Cover-300x128.png 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/WestArthur_Cover-768x327.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 875px) 100vw, 875px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Schwarzdruck Edition preserves the literary estate of Arthur West.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"About_Edith_West\"><\/span>About Edith West<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Arthur\u2019s wife <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36879'>Edith West<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[133]  Obituary by the Vienna Communist Party (KP\u00d6) for <a href=\"https:\/\/wien.kpoe.at\/aktuelles\/genossin-edith-west-ist-im-104-lebensjahr-in-wien-verstorben\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Edith West<\/a> dated August 8, 2022. Accessed June 10, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> had fought against the dictatorial \u201cAustrofascism\u201d (\u201cSt\u00e4ndestaat\u201d) as a teenager in the ranks of the illegal Communist Youth League. She was a kindergarten teacher and was able to flee to England with her mother and siblings, where she earned a living as a housekeeper, seamstress, and spinner. Back in Vienna, she worked, among other things, as a secretary at a petroleum trading company. She cared for the writer Theodor Kramer, who returned from exile in 1957 in serious ill health, until his death in 1958. Arthur and Edith made it possible for him to <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-36883'>attend readings<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[134]  <span class=\"content\">Gerald Grassl op.cit.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. Edith passed away on August 7, 2022, at the age of 104.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"caption wp-block-paragraph\">Edith West. . Photo: KP\u00d6 Archive.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"664\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/WestEdith_KlahrGes.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-35194\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/WestEdith_KlahrGes.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/WestEdith_KlahrGes-226x300.jpg 226w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Videos_featuring_the_three_journalists\"><\/span>Videos featuring the three journalists<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=T48NToEr3HM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"739\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Altschul_screenshot-1024x739.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-35177\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Altschul_screenshot-1024x739.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Altschul_screenshot-300x216.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Altschul_screenshot-768x554.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Altschul_screenshot.jpg 1437w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=PLVin5BhF70\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"739\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Auer_screenshot-1024x739.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-35178\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Auer_screenshot-1024x739.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Auer_screenshot-300x216.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Auer_screenshot-768x554.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Auer_screenshot.jpg 1437w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=WM0x-dB60FU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"739\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/West_screenshot-1024x739.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-35176\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/West_screenshot-1024x739.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/West_screenshot-300x216.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/West_screenshot-768x554.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/West_screenshot.jpg 1437w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0\">\n<p class=\"caption wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-bottom:0\">Heinz Altschul<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-bottom:0\">\n<p class=\"caption wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-bottom:0\">Georg Auer<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"caption wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-bottom:0\">Arthur West<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"caption wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:0\">The three journalists answered questions from Viennese students about their lives: Heinz Altschul, Georg Auer, and Arthur West (from left to right). The videos were produced as part of the \u201cOral Video History\u201d project, which ran from 1988 to 1996 at the Institute for Journalism and Communication Studies at the University of Vienna under the direction of Assoc. Prof. Dr. Manfred Bobrowsky. Clicking on a screenshot opens the corresponding video in a new window. Screenshots: dunera.de.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Please note:<\/strong> dunera.de would like to thank the children of the three journalists\u2014Susanne Altschul, Martin Auer, Paul and Hans West\u2014for their assistance with the research and for providing photos and documents, as well as Manfred Murgauer (KP\u00d6 Archives) for granting copyright permissions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Footnotes\"><\/span>Footnotes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>show<\/summary>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The three young refugees from Vienna\u2014Heinz Altschul, Georg Auer and Arthur West\u2014were editors of the Viennese newspaper *Volksstimme* after the war.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":38436,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[174],"tags":[324,1043,189,1012,1041,1042,198,190],"class_list":["post-36322","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biography","tag-8th-australian-employment-company-en","tag-arthur-west-rosenthal","tag-australia","tag-austria","tag-georg-auwr","tag-heinz-altschul","tag-hmt-dunera-en","tag-internment"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36322","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=36322"}],"version-history":[{"count":164,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36322\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":38927,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36322\/revisions\/38927"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/38436"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=36322"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=36322"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=36322"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}