{"id":35001,"date":"2026-09-04T08:55:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T06:55:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/?p=35001"},"modified":"2026-08-31T16:44:13","modified_gmt":"2026-08-31T14:44:13","slug":"_sigmund-berger","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/_sigmund-berger\/","title":{"rendered":"Sigmund Berger"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.elementor-1602 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5613107{--display:flex;--flex-direction:row;--container-widget-width:initial;--container-widget-height:100%;--container-widget-flex-grow:1;--container-widget-align-self:stretch;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--justify-content:space-around;--flex-wrap:wrap;--margin-top:0px;--margin-bottom:0px;--margin-left:0px;--margin-right:0px;--padding-top:60px;--padding-bottom:60px;--padding-left:5px;--padding-right:5px;}.elementor-1602 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data-widget_type=\"loop-carousel.post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper elementor-loop-container elementor-grid\" role=\"list\" dir=\"ltr\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-wrapper\" aria-live=\"off\">\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-1582\">.elementor-1582 .elementor-element.elementor-element-973247a{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--gap:8px 8px;--row-gap:8px;--column-gap:8px;--margin-top:0px;--margin-bottom:0px;--margin-left:0px;--margin-right:0px;--padding-top:0px;--padding-bottom:0px;--padding-left:0px;--padding-right:0px;}.elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image .widget-image-caption{color:var( --e-global-color-text );font-family:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-size:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-size );font-weight:var( 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theme-post-featured-image, class: .elementor-element-b2f8aff *\/.elementor-1582 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b2f8aff img{\n    aspect-ratio: 1\/1 !important;\n}\/* End custom CSS *\/\n\/* Start custom CSS for theme-post-title, class: .elementor-element-97f6239 *\/.menu-pic:hover h4{\n    color: #D45847 !important;\n}\n\n.elementor-1582 .elementor-element.elementor-element-97f6239 h4 a{\n    font-family: 'Satoshi' !important;\n}\n\n.elementor-1582 .elementor-element.elementor-element-97f6239{\n    cursor: pointer;\n    text-decoration: none !important;\n}\n\n.elementor-1582 .elementor-element.elementor-element-97f6239:hover{\n     color: #D45847 !important;\n}\n\na{\n    text-decoration: none !important;\n}\/* End custom CSS *\/<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-11667 post-11667 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-berlin-en tag-exil-en tag-franz-lebrecht-en tag-hay-en tag-heinz-dehn-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-ida-dehn-en tag-internment tag-kitchener-camp-en tag-leberecht-dehn-en tag-tatura-en tag-united-kingom\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/DehnHeinz-bio-rb7ijmicxjt0bxw6h9zu2cz4s8o6z9vivt8v9s0o28.webp\" title=\"DehnHeinz-bio\" alt=\"Heinz Dehn 1974. Foto: J\u00fcrgen Henschel, Familienarchiv Dehn.\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/heinz-dehn\/\">Heinz Dehn<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-13287 post-13287 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-8th-australian-employment-company-en tag-australia tag-buchenwald-concentration-camp tag-dachau-concentration-camp tag-exil-en tag-franz-lebrecht-en tag-hildegard-berndt-en tag-holocaust-en tag-lichtenburg-concentration-camp tag-mainz-mayence tag-rosa-luxemburg-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/FranzLebrecht-bio-qgi0ad2u4qi6jspdspp0om8va49qzm9bsrr6lpu6kw.webp\" title=\"FranzLebrecht-bio\" alt=\"FranzLebrecht-bio\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/franz-lebrecht\/\">Franz Lebrecht<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-11502 post-11502 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-exil-en tag-hannover-en tag-holocaust-en tag-ida-dehn-en tag-the-nussbaum-family\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/nussbaum-rb7hq768z9iuvemxb23aiaanazpj0e21660nexncuo.jpg\" title=\"nussbaum\" alt=\"nussbaum\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-nussbaum-family\/\">The Nussbaum family<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-8852 post-8852 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-dr-hans-frankenstein-en tag-exil-en tag-heinz-dehn-en tag-internment tag-kitchener-camp-en tag-united-kingom\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/kitchener_suchseite-rb7hqaxlqlo05uhgp3pss9choj6zv6gyiomlc1hs5s.jpg\" title=\"kitchener_suchseite\" alt=\"kitchener_suchseite\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/kitchener-camp\/\">Kitchener Camp<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-11022 post-11022 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-exil-en tag-hannover-en tag-heinz-dehn-en tag-ida-dehn-en tag-the-flieder-family\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/DehnIda_Beitrag-rb7hbh19wpd4zc0zaoxpg02o9oaif3lf5a2sqvhec0.jpg\" title=\"DehnIda_Beitrag\" alt=\"DehnIda_Beitrag\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/ida-dehn\/\">Ida Dehn<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10876 post-10876 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-abraham-flieder-en tag-auschwitz-en tag-hannover-en tag-ida-dehn-en tag-polenaktion-en tag-simon-flieder-en tag-zbaszyn-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/FliederFamilie-rb7hr0b8v4mqvbglkwoq5kxxpxpwn09pm68paig5hs.jpg\" title=\"FliederFamilie\" alt=\"FliederFamilie\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-flieder-family\/\">The Flieder family<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10377 post-10377 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-ghetto-riga-en tag-heinz-dehn-en tag-holocaust-en tag-leberecht-dehn-en tag-theresienstadt-concentration-camp tag-treblinka-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Dehnfamilie-rb7hrdgzit4rduxhg2di4hme1bx1mrpybzdi0dwn2o.jpg\" title=\"Dehnfamilie\" alt=\"Dehnfamilie\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-dehn-family\/\">The Dehn family<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10201 post-10201 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-buchenwald-concentration-camp tag-dachau-concentration-camp tag-franz-lebrecht-en tag-sachsenhausen-concentration-camp tag-singapore tag-universitaet-muenster\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Friedlich-rb7hquo7q4f0xnoshu8yqmd65mhpctnblebseuoij4.jpg\" title=\"Friedlich\" alt=\"Friedlich\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/ernst-friedlich\/\">Ernst Friedlich<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10044 post-10044 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-buchenwald-concentration-camp tag-dachau-concentration-camp tag-ernst-friedlich-fry-en tag-exil-en tag-franz-lebrecht-en tag-hamburg-en tag-leon-gottlieb-en tag-sachsenhausen-concentration-camp tag-singapore\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Gottlieb-rb7hqm7o0m3g1612v8lbm6i0t5nefjpqk8gf3d1234.jpg\" title=\"Gottlieb\" alt=\"Gottlieb\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/leon-gottlieb\/\">Leon Gottlieb<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-11143 post-11143 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-eric-robert-towers-en tag-erich-tichauer-en tag-exil-en tag-heinz-dehn-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-ida-dehn-en-2 tag-walter-fuerst-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Tichauer_beitragsbild-rb7hbx0j4vz0gpdrpdud4e1id83r1ycuvh61wktpe8.jpg\" title=\"Tichauer_beitragsbild\" alt=\"Tichauer_beitragsbild\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/erich-tichauer\/\">Erich Tichauer<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10245 post-10245 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-dr-ernst-wasser-en tag-dr-hans-frankenstein-en tag-exil-en tag-goerlitz-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-kitchener-camp-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Fnankenstein-1-rb7hqwjw3shlkvm26v27vlw3ce8fs7us9nmrdelq6o.jpg\" title=\"Fnankenstein\" alt=\"Fnankenstein\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/dr-hans-frankenstein\/\">Dr Hans Frankenstein<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10752 post-10752 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-exil-en tag-josef-ganz-en tag-volkswagen-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/ganz-rb7hqn5i7g4qcrzppqzy6o9hejirn8tgwd3wkmznww.jpg\" title=\"ganz\" alt=\"ganz\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/josef-ganz\/\">Josef Ganz<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-11254 post-11254 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-a-j-storfer-en tag-ernst-platz-en tag-eva-schwarcz-en tag-karl-und-olga-bodan-en tag-mark-siegelberg-en tag-shanghai-12-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/shanghai12-rb7hs3sgu64sexv96dr22azao4bbmamfrln3g4tm8g.jpg\" title=\"shanghai12\" alt=\"shanghai12\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-shanghai-12\/\">The \u201eShanghai 12\u201c<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-11221 post-11221 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-france tag-ginette-rozenfeld-en tag-holocaust-en tag-ida-dehn-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/rozenfeld-rb7hkl2y5vu7j8sh34qi47ajl5dm1grqqdr98fz00g.jpg\" title=\"rozenfeld\" alt=\"rozenfeld\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/ginette-rozenfeld\/\">Ginette Rozenfeld<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-20010 post-20010 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-dr-hans-frankenstein-en tag-exil-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-unrra-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/WasserErnst_Beitragsbild-rb7hbyw7ik1l3xb1eenm9dkfjzuhhckbjqh0v4qx1s.jpg\" title=\"WasserErnst_Beitragsbild\" alt=\"WasserErnst_Beitragsbild\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/dr-ernst-wasser\/\">Dr Ernst Wasser<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-18542 post-18542 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biografie category-biography tag-australia tag-berlin-en tag-exil-en tag-georg-chodziesner-en tag-hay-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-internment tag-isle-of-man-en tag-kitchener-camp-en tag-tatura-en tag-united-kingom\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/ChodziesnerGeorg_beitrag2-rb7gapkilz1ewdfdysuzxa1nv5hpd9ncrbj519zpow.jpg\" title=\"ChodziesnerGeorg_beitrag2\" alt=\"ChodziesnerGeorg_beitrag2\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/george-chodziesner\/\">George Chodziesner<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-16740 post-16740 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-wolfgang-a-kittel\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Kittel_Beitrag-rb7gwxh65zgfcj5h7wmid66xe1z2bouxhapcfr1ols.png\" title=\"Kittel_Beitrag\" alt=\"Kittel_Beitrag\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wolfgang-kittel\/\">Wolfgang Kittel<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-22118 post-22118 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-berlin-en tag-exil-en tag-harry-jay-en tag-harry-jeidels-en tag-hay-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-internment tag-photography tag-tatura-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/JayHarry_Beitrag-rb7f7obssnlqrc4kwffqvmnjs3vypron2488klva34.jpg\" title=\"JayHarry_Beitrag\" alt=\"JayHarry_Beitrag\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/harry-jay-jeidels\/\">Harry Jay (Jeidels)<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-23049 post-23049 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-berlin-en tag-exil-en tag-hay-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-internment tag-mv-abosso-en tag-tatura-en tag-the-passenger tag-ulrich-a-boschwitz-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/BoschwitzUlrich_Beitrag-rb7eojc3n3ekd5xdnnm7lyioco7wzmpe3e1bss8us0.jpg\" title=\"BoschwitzUlrich_Beitrag\" alt=\"BoschwitzUlrich_Beitrag\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/ulrich-a-boschwitz\/\">Ulrich A. Boschwitz<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-24864 post-24864 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-approval category-biography tag-8th-australian-employment-company-en tag-australia tag-dunera-en tag-internment tag-max-schwarz-en tag-ulrich-laufer-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Beitrag_LauferSchwarz-rb7eccdgzgpnr9mzuvvfrjaexqbi4zaqr1dkokbphs.png\" title=\"Beitrag_LauferSchwarz\" alt=\"Beitrag_LauferSchwarz\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/ulrich-laufer-and-max-schwarz\/\">Ulrich Laufer and Max Schwarz<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-26753 post-26753 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-exil-en tag-holocaust-en tag-internment tag-kids-interned tag-westernland-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/dunera_wire-rb7hfzncr1jqrvgrx585xd1f1c10eqizfmxsrqsafk.jpg\" title=\"dunera_wire\" alt=\"dunera_wire\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-youngest-dunera-boys\/\">The youngest Dunera Boys<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-27115 post-27115 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-exil-en tag-holocaust-en tag-internment tag-oldest-internees tag-queen-mary-internees-2\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/dunera_wire-rb7hfzncr1jqrvgrx585xd1f1c10eqizfmxsrqsafk.jpg\" title=\"dunera_wire\" alt=\"dunera_wire\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-oldest-dunera-boys\/\">The oldest Dunera Boys<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-27437 post-27437 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-8th-australian-employment-company-en tag-australia tag-dunera-en tag-internment tag-sgt-snow-white tag-sydney-loder tag-taxi-nach-leipzig\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Lohde_Beitrag-rct6diwfi7ekocjmcorl5j3kz2ialcebah2xtl91ow.png\" title=\"Lohde_Beitrag\" alt=\"Lohde_Beitrag\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/sigurd-sigismund-lohde\/\">Sigurd Sigismund Lohde<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-33139 post-33139 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-8th-australian-employment-company-en tag-australia tag-captain-e-r-m-broughton tag-dunera-en tag-sgt-snow-white\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Broughton_Beitrag-rllpa9cplh6ti3ulqmmg29l90ifq03edusrpoqt58w.jpg\" title=\"Broughton_Beitrag\" alt=\"Broughton_Beitrag\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/edward-broughton-soldier-and-bookmaker\/\">Edward Broughton Soldier and Bookmaker<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-35001 post-35001 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-8th-australian-employment-company-en tag-australia tag-austria tag-guardian-angel-pharmacy tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-internment tag-martin-daxner tag-sigmund-berger\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Berger_Beitrag-rp8b72bz8df7rrgst00u2vfhfy1irmtlhliata9jo0.jpg\" title=\"Berger_Beitrag\" alt=\"Berger_Beitrag\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/_sigmund-berger\/\">Sigmund Berger<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-prev\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Previous\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-chevron-left\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M646 125C629 125 613 133 604 142L308 442C296 454 292 471 292 487 292 504 296 521 308 533L604 854C617 867 629 875 646 875 663 875 679 871 692 858 704 846 713 829 713 812 713 796 708 779 692 767L438 487 692 225C700 217 708 204 708 187 708 171 704 154 692 142 675 129 663 125 646 125Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-next\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Next\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-chevron-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M696 533C708 521 713 504 713 487 713 471 708 454 696 446L400 146C388 133 375 125 354 125 338 125 325 129 313 142 300 154 292 171 292 187 292 204 296 221 308 233L563 492 304 771C292 783 288 800 288 817 288 833 296 850 308 863 321 871 338 875 354 875 371 875 388 867 400 854L696 533Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote without-quotes is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The pharmacist Sigmund Berger was one of many Austrians who believed they were safe from persecution in Great Britain. But Winston Churchill and his government defamed Jews and political refugees as a potential \u201cfifth column\u201d for Hitler. Tens of thousands were interned. Among the more than 2,500 men deported to Australia on the <i>Dunera<\/i> in 1940 was Sigmund Berger. After two and a half years in Australia, he seized the opportunity to return to England. His ship, the <em>Waroonga<\/em>, was sunk shortly before reaching its destination. Sigmund Berger could not be rescued. This piece is based on three articles written by Martin Daxner about his grandfather, Sigmund Berger, and his family\u2019s history.<\/p>\n<cite>Peter Dehn, September 2026.<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_global_search_for_clues\"><\/span>A global search for clues<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1940, Mag. Sigmund Berger, a former pharmacist from Ebensee, sends the lines shown right on a postcard from England to his future son-in-law, Fritz Pollak, who had already successfully emigrated to the United States.<br><br>But how did this come about?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vienna\"><\/span>Vienna<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sigmund Berger is born on December 18, 1885, in Vienna (Landstrasse, 3rd District, Barichgasse) as the eighth and youngest child of Michael and Leonore Berger. His father is a teacher at the elementary school and for the the deaf and mute at the Jewish <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-35020'>Institute for the Deaf and Mute<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[1]  <span class=\"content\">Das Vaterland, September 10, 1872, page 2.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in Vienna. Not much is known about Sigmund\u2019s childhood and youth. Aside from a few report cards and photos, there are no documents. These show that after elementary school, he attends the k.k. <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-35022'>State Gymnasium<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[2]  Copies of school report cards, ZME\/MD.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in Vienna\u2019s 3rd District.<br><br>On July 15, 1907, he complets his studies in pharmacy in Vienna and, beginning in 1912, runs the \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-35024'>z. Salvator<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[3]  Pharmaceutischer Almanach 1913, Directory Section, page 45.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d pharmacy on Zimmermannsplatz in Vienna\u2019s ninth district as an independent pharmacist.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-border-color is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-color:#d45847;border-width:4px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);box-shadow:var(--wp--preset--shadow--sharp);flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dear Mr. Engineer, warm regards!<br>Besides Venezuela, Siam is now a strong contender, because\u2014apart from China, which is out of the question\u2014it\u2019s the only country without a visa requirement. After all, it\u2019s so uncertain whether the application to the Venezuelan government, which the consul is handling for me, will be approved. At the Society of Friends, I was told that no country is issuing visas at all right now\u2014what a lovely state of affairs! But one mustn\u2019t believe everything and must keep fighting. I\u2019m truly glad that at least you are doing well. Warm regards and many thanks for your tireless work on our behalf!<br>Yours sincerely, Sigmund Berger<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"976\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/BergerSigmund_Hochzeit.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-34843 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/BergerSigmund_Hochzeit.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/BergerSigmund_Hochzeit-154x300.jpg 154w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The newlyweds Sigmund and Rosa Berger. Source: Daxner archive.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On October 15, 1907, he leaves <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-35027'>Judaism<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[4]  IKG Vienna Registers, Birth Certificates 1882\u20131886, Entry 1959, Sigmund Berger via FamilySearch.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> and <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-35030'>baptizes in 1909<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[5]  Marriage Certificate, ZME\/MD.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. One of the reasons may have been his relationship with Rosa Br\u00fcckner, whom he married on April 27, 1910. He subsequently practices Catholicism with great conviction. Sigmund is \u201ctolerated rather than welcomed with open arms\u201d by the Br\u00fcckner family because of his Jewish heritage, according to his grandson Martin Daxner.<br><br>On January 11, 1911, Eleonore \u201cLore\u201d Berger is born. On March 20, 1912, Paula Berger, the second daughter, sees the light of the day. She would later emigrate to America via England and help Sigmund Berger escape Austria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ebensee\"><\/span>Ebensee<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the end of 1918, the Berger family moves from Vienna to Ebensee on Lake Traunsee to take over the Schutzengel (Guarding Angel) Pharmacy. He finances the purchase with a loan from relatives, and it took 18 years to finally pay off the debt. In 1933, he expands the pharmacy to include a drugstore, which he names after the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-35033'>H\u00f6llengebirge<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[6]  Letter from Eleonore Sedlacek, April 22, 1947, in the M. Daxner Private Archive.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in the immediate vicinity. Immediately after the end of World War I, it was certainly not the easiest time to take the leap into self-employment. Despite economic uncertainty and debts with exorbitant interest rates, Sigmund Berger devotes himself to social causes with great dedication.<br><br>There are documents, photos, and souvenirs from trips to Lake Garda, Mount Etna, Jerusalem, Versailles, Dalmatia, and other destinations. His daughters, now in their teens, also share this passion for travel, and during language study abroad programs, Paula is later able to forge vital contacts in England.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">His greatest passion, without a doubt, is chess. Thanks in no small part to Sigmund Berger, the Ebensee Chess Club becomes one of the most important in Austria. Two major tournaments featuring international chess grandmasters are organized primarily through his initiative. As a result, he is also named an honorary member of the Upper Austrian Chess Association. Local and international newspapers, as well as radio stations, report on the chess events in Ebensee. In his <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-35036'>opening speech<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[7]  Chronicle of the Ebensee Chess Club, ZME.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, Sigmund Berger explains that \u201cthere has never been a tournament of such significance in the Austrian provinces.\u201d<br><br>Supporting a wide variety of charitable events or personal emergencies is just as much a matter of course as providing daily meals for poor workers\u2019 children at the family\u2019s lunch table.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"524\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/BergerSigmund_Schach.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-34849 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/BergerSigmund_Schach.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/BergerSigmund_Schach-300x197.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/BergerSigmund_Schach-768x503.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sigmund Berger (left) at the chessboard. Source: Daxner archive.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On January 13, 1927, Annemarie Berger\u2014the author\u2019s mother\u2014is born as the youngest child. As is customary in middle-class families at the time, her older sisters are already attending boarding schools for older students. Lore studies pharmacy (after the war, in 1947, she would take over the license for the Schutzengel Pharmacy in Ebensee). She enjoys Vienna\u2019s cultural life to the fullest. Through friends, she gains access to Vienna\u2019s major cultural salons, where she meets many interesting personalities.<br><br>In 1937 <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-35038'>Lore Berger marries<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[8]  Curriculum Vitae of Eleonore Sedlacek, ZME\/MD.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> Alfred Wieser, who would go on to play a tragic role in this story. Also in 1937, the debts from the purchase of the pharmacy are finally paid off. The Berger family is able to afford an alpine hut on the Postalm as a retreat, since Sigmund Berger is also very close to nature, as evidenced by numerous photographs of mountain hikes as well as chess games played outdoors.<br><br>Not least because of his social commitment, Mag. Berger is a highly respected member of the community.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chased_beaten_arrested\"><\/span>Chased, beaten, arrested<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-35040'>Anschluss<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[9]  <b>dunera.de:<\/b> Wikipedia entry on the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anschluss\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Anschluss<\/a>\u201d of Austria, accessed on August 20, 2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d of Austria on March 13, 1938, brings an end to the middle-class, tranquil life in Ebensee. Severe abuse and humiliation begins immediately. Sigmund Berger is brutally assaulted by several SA members in front of his pharmacy, afterward, he is denied any medical care (the doctor\u2019s alleged comment: \u201cThis man is just faking it\u201d). In his despair, Mag. Berger attempted suicide with morphine, but to the Nazis\u2019 regret, the attempt failed.<br><br><span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-35043'>Rosa Berger<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[10]  <span class=\"content\">Archive MD.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> writes a complaint to Gauleiter Josef B\u00fcrckel in July 1938, reporting:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"568\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/19380315ff_Wien_-SchikanenGegenJuden_wiki.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-34855 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/19380315ff_Wien_-SchikanenGegenJuden_wiki.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/19380315ff_Wien_-SchikanenGegenJuden_wiki-300x213.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/19380315ff_Wien_-SchikanenGegenJuden_wiki-768x545.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Humiliation as a Principle: Shortly after the \u201cAnschluss\u201d of Austria in March 1938, the Nazis forced Viennese Jews to clean the sidewalks. Source: Wikipedia (German), public domain.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>\u201cOn the night of March 16\u201317, 1938, while my husband was working at the pharmacy, he was attacked by two men in uniform, severely beaten for an hour, kicked, and beaten with chairs and paperweights so violently that three of his teeth were knocked out. In addition, they demanded that he pay the sum of 2,000 schillings. They also took goods without paying for them. The perpetrators did not leave until Miro Dufek, a Party member who lived in the house, arrived. [\u2026] The next morning, at the request of the mayor of Ebensee, my husband was forced to make a donation of S 2,000 for the benefit of the town\u2019s poor. [\u2026] The events of that night had such a profound effect on my husband\u2019s state of mind that he attempted suicide that morning and was admitted to the hospital in Bad Ischl in a state of severe unconsciousness, where he was brought back to life only through the extraordinary dedication of the doctors.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-35045'>Nazi press<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[11]  <span class=\"content\">Linzer Volksblatt, March 17, 1938, page 8.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, which was brought into line with the regime, on the other hand, portrays Berger as the perpetrator:<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cSigmund Berger, a pharmacist in Ebensee and a baptized Jew, had recently had an altercation in his store with a German Reich police officer. As punishment, he was fined. On Wednesday, the 16th of this month, at noon, he was to be arrested and taken away. Berger, however, wanted to preempt this, which is why he ingested poison. The Ebensee Rescue Society transported him, in serious condition, to the General Hospital in Bad Ischl.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As a result, normal business operations are made nearly impossible by constant harassment. Her daughter Paula decides to emigrate immediately, and her old contacts in England prove very helpful. She arrives in England in early summer 1938, and from there travels to New York on February 11, 1941. Seven days later, she marries <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-35047'>Fritz Pollak<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[12]  Martin Daxner, Notes on the Biographies, Nov. 30, 2023, ZME.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (now Fred Polk).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9CPreventive_detention%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>\u201cPreventive detention\u201d<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Now things come thick and fast: On June 22, 1938, Sigmund Berger is taken into so-called \u201cprotective custody\u201d and transferred to Linz. At the same time, a \u201cwild\u201d Aryanization of the Schutzengel Pharmacy takes place without any legal basis. Mag. Hans Ledwinka, the leaseholder of the Altheim Pharmacy, drives Rosa Berger out of the pharmacy and from then on runs the business without any authorization. Confident that his good connections would secure him the pharmacy license, he simultaneously terrorized Sigmund Berger in prison, demanding that he finally sign the contracts\u2014otherwise, he would ensure that Berger was sent to Dachau. After his release, Sigmund Berger is able to move to Vienna to arrange his emigration from there.<br><br>The SA Ebensee Standard Command <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-35051'>continues to threaten Rosa Berger<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[13]  Undated letter from the SA, ZME\/MD.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cYou have had sufficient time to settle your business affairs and are now tired of watching your chaotic activities continue any longer. You are therefore ordered to leave Ebensee as soon as possible and not to show your face in the town again.<i>&#8220;<\/i><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As a result, the Bergers formally divorce so that the \u201cAryan\u201d wife might have even the slightest chance of saving any portion of their assets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"507\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/BergerSigmund_SchutzengelApotheke.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-34835 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/BergerSigmund_SchutzengelApotheke.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/BergerSigmund_SchutzengelApotheke-296x300.jpg 296w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A view inside the Schutzengel Pharmacy. Source: Daxner archive.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rosa Berger is under surveillance by the Gestapo because she is not allowed to have any contact with her \u201cex-husband.\u201d Nevertheless, she refuses to let this stop her from helping Jewish acquaintances and repeatedly taking in so-called \u201cU-boats\u201d (Jews trying to evade persecution).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Pharmacy_Robbery\"><\/span>The Pharmacy Robbery<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After tough negotiations, it was not Mag. Ledwinka but <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-35054'>Mag. Degenberger<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[14]  Ellmauer, Daniela\/John, Michael\/Thumser, Regina: \u201cArisierungen,\u201d Confiscated Assets, Restitution, and Compensation in Upper Austria, Vienna 2004, p. 245.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2014a former underground Nazi and close friend of Gauleiter Eigruber\u2014who received approval for the license on December 8, 1938.<br><br>It was not until April 1, 1939, that Degenberger actually received the license for the Schutzengel Pharmacy. Until then, the family did not know whether they would actually receive any money, how much they would get, or what their future livelihood would look like. But constant pressure was being applied to finally pick up the furniture in Ebensee and to stop loitering around Ebensee. The purchase price\u2014only 70% instead of the usual 200% of annual sales\u2014was not transferred until 1941.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Escape_Internment_Deportation\"><\/span>Escape, Internment, Deportation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the same time, his daughter Paula does everything she can to make their departure possible. All we know is that Sigmund Berger manages to escape on February 27, 1939, by leaving from Westbahnhof, and that, after numerous other stops in England, he settles in the village of Radnage, Wycombe, Buckinghamshire.<br><br>Finally, on September 3, 1939, with the British declaration of war on Germany, the next blow strucks: All Germans and Austrians in England are declared <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/british-deportationspart-2-2\/\">potential enemies of the state<\/a> (\u201cenemy aliens\u201d); Sigmund Berger is arrested on September 5, 1939. He and his daughter Paula are interned in various camps on the Isle of Man, a remote island in the Irish Sea. Prime Minister Winston Churchill is aware of the potential injustice but believes that there are more important matters than distinguishing between refugees and actual enemies in this situation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"351\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/dunera1940.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3078 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/dunera1940.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/dunera1940-300x211.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The HMT Dunera became the ship of doom for 2,500 men deported by the British government. Source: Australian War Museum No. 303219 (Public Domain).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Furthermore, it is decided to ship internees overseas, as England has other concerns than providing for additional civilians. The second transport to Canada aboard the <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/arandora-starpart-1\/\"><i>Arandora Star<\/i><\/a> is sunk in the Irish Sea; hundreds of internees drown, and the survivors are assigned to the already overcrowded <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/british-deportationspart-2\/\">fifth transport<\/a>: the military transport ship <i>Dunera<\/i>. Sigmund Berger is also on the <i>Dunera<\/i>, believing he is being taken to Canada. Instead of the authorized 1,600 people, there are more than 2,500 on board (including 450 \u201cgenuine\u201d prisoners of war). The ship sets sail from Liverpool on July 10, 1940. But as the weather grows increasingly hot, it soon becomes clear that it is not heading for Canada, but southward.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"At_the_camp_and_as_a_soldier_in_Australia\"><\/span>At the camp and as a soldier in Australia<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"721\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/BergerSigmund_by_HofmannRobert-721x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-34510 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/BergerSigmund_by_HofmannRobert-721x1024.jpg 721w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/BergerSigmund_by_HofmannRobert-211x300.jpg 211w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/BergerSigmund_by_HofmannRobert-768x1091.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/BergerSigmund_by_HofmannRobert.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 721px) 100vw, 721px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sigmund Berger\u2014drawn in 1942 at the Tatura camp in Australia by his compatriot Robert Hofmann. Owned by Martin Daxner.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After a 57-day voyage at sea under <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-1\/\">indescribably harrowing<\/a> conditions, the <i>Dunera<\/i> docks in Fremantle on the west coast of Australia on August 27, 1940. On September 6<b>,<\/b> 1940, the journey finally comes to an end in Sydney. The Australian authorities had been notified of a ship full of prisoners of war, and accordingly, a spartan camp in the desert near Hay (Camp 8) had been prepared. There was great bewilderment and surprise when, instead, primarily harmless civilians disembarked. The result was a global scandal that went down in history as \u201cThe Dunera Scandal.\u201d For this reason, the <i>Dunera<\/i> was the last such transport and the only one to Australia. The Hay camp is closed in May 1941, and the internees are transferred further south to a camp near Tatura, close to Melbourne.<br><br>The harmlessness of the \u201cDuneraboys\u201d is obvious, yet it is not until January 1942 that they are initially assigned as <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-35057'>harvest workers<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[15]  <b>dunera.de: <\/b>Quoted from Bartrop, \u201cEnemy Aliens,\u201d op. cit., p. 139.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in the extremely fertile region. Subsequently, they were able to enlist as <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-35059'>volunteers<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[16]  <b>dunera.de:<\/b> See memorandum from the Adjutant General to the Australian Parliament, March 29, 1946. NAA_ItemNumber4938132, page 28, section d.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in the Australian Army without having to bear arms, which is what Sigmund Berger did. This makes him a free man. After completing his service in December 1942, he is able to move to Melbourne.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Destination_USA\"><\/span>Destination USA<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are numerous letters from his time in Australia\u2014all subject to strict censorship rules and written in excellent English\u2014which he writes primarily to his future, and later actual, son-in-law, Fritz Pollak. One senses the unease of a man who had been generous all his life, now having to beg someone else for pocket money ($5 a month) and other favors. But Fritz is the only acquaintance who can obtain the coveted affidavit (a guarantee for entry into the U.S.) for him, which he ultimately succeeds in doing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_Austria_England_and_the_US\"><\/span>In Austria, England, and the US<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"773\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/BergerSigmund_Daxner.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23022\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/BergerSigmund_Daxner.png 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/BergerSigmund_Daxner-194x300.png 194w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<p class=\"caption wp-block-paragraph\">Sigmund Berger in the uniform of the <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-8th-employment-company-1\/\">8th Australian Employment Company<\/a>. Source: Daxner archive.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Today, communication knows no bounds. Back then, communication takes place through letters; in exceptional cases, by telephone or telegram. Moreover, war and censorship prevail, and there were virtually no means of communication with enemy nations. Many of the letters get lost when the mail ships are sunk and never reach their destination. Communication is therefore very sporadic.<br><br>Sigmund Berger is forced to leave his wife Rosa\u2014from whom he is formally divorced\u2014behind in Vienna, destitute, without a home or any chance of employment, along with their minor daughter Annemarie, who is denied a proper education at the high school. With the constant deportations in their neighborhood fresh in their minds, there is a perpetual fear of further reprisals by the authorities. The family\u2019s livelihood is provided by their eldest daughter, Eleonore, who is able to complete her studies in pharmacy just in time before the Anschluss. It is only because of the labor shortage (in Vienna alone, 97!! pharmacies were \u201caryanized\u201d) that she, as a \u201chalf-Jew,\u201d is able to practice her profession. In other academic professions, \u201chalf-Jews\u201d are generally barred from employment. Yet she, too, is subjected to constant harassment because of her heritage.<br><br>Because on September 1, 1939, at the Westend Pharmacy, she allegedly criticizes, among other things, Adolf Hitler and specifically his foreign policy plans in front of a customer, she is arrested by the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-35063'>Gestapo<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[17]  Indictment dated December 14, 1939, and Eleonore Wieser\u2019s release certificate dated July 10, 1940, MD.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> on the same day and detained until September 23, 1939. This is followed by her indictment before the Special Court of the Vienna Regional Court and a sentence of six months\u2019 imprisonment, which she serves at Regional Court Prison I in the eighth district. On July 10, 1940, she is released from custody. Alfred Wieser, Lore\u2019s husband, separates from her for reasons unknown to us and emigrates to England.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Tragic_Ending\"><\/span>The Tragic Ending<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Up to that point, the family is largely familiar with their grandfather\u2019s fate. However, from his departure from Melbourne to his tragic death in the North Atlantic, various estates reveal a story that is initially completely unclear, with numerous inconsistencies that Martin Daxner has to piece together like a mosaic over many years. It is also helpful that he was able to meet some of the \u201cDuneraboys\u201d in person.<br><br>How did the Australian portrait sketch of his grandfather end up in Austria? How could the Red Cross claim that he had perished in the Atlantic in 1942, even though a postcard from Australia was sent as late as the end of 1942? Why did his grandfather meet Aunt Paula in New York without going ashore, even though he had a valid entry permit? Some of these are contradictions that don\u2019t make sense and only become clear with the discovery of Sigmund Berger\u2019s farewell letter:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"707\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/BergerSigmund_1943_Brief-707x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-34822 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/BergerSigmund_1943_Brief-707x1024.jpg 707w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/BergerSigmund_1943_Brief-207x300.jpg 207w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/BergerSigmund_1943_Brief-768x1112.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/BergerSigmund_1943_Brief.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 707px) 100vw, 707px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sigmund Berger&#8217;s last letter to his daughter Paula reveals his fear (or premonition?) of dying on the trip to England. Source: Daxner archive.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-border-color is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-color:#d45847;border-width:4px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);box-shadow:var(--wp--preset--shadow--sharp);flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>\u201cDon&#8217;t import a racial problem\u201d<\/em><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-bottom:0\"><em>In 1901, Australia had enacted the racist \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-35070'>White Australia Policy<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[18]  <b>dunera.de:<\/b> A brief overview of the \u201cWhite Australia Policy\u201d from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nma.gov.au\/defining-moments\/resources\/white-australia-policy\">National Museum of Australia<\/a>. Retrieved May 20, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d into law.<\/em><br><br><em>At the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-35074'>Evian Conference<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[19]  <b>dunera.de:<\/b> Wikipedia entry on the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89vian_Conference\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Evian Conference<\/a>, accessed November 10, 2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in 1938, Minister of Trade <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-35078'>Thomas White<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[20]  <b>dunera.de:<\/b> John Rickard, \u201cAustralian Dictionary of Biography,\u201d on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sydney.edu.au\/news-opinion\/news\/2017\/07\/31\/loss--trials--and-compassion--the-music-of-australias-jewish-ref.html\">Thomas White<\/a>, cited in Joseph Toltz, \u201cLoss, trials and compassion: music of Australia's Jewish refugees,\u201d University of Sydney online, accessed December 10, 2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> had outlined Australia\u2019s position on accepting refugees: \u201cSince we have no real racial problem, we are not willing to import one.\u201d Prime Minister <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-35081'>Lyons<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[21]  <strong>dunera.de:<\/strong>\u00a0Quote from an election campaign speech by <a href=\"https:\/\/electionspeeches.moadoph.gov.au\/speeches\/1937-joseph-lyons\">Joseph Lyons<\/a> on September 28, 1937.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> had declared during the previous election campaign: \u201cOur population is 99.1% of British nationality and we wish to keep it so\u201d<\/em>.<br><br><i>As a result of this racist stance, Australia refused to accept former internees. <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/991-per-cent-british\/\"><i>Releases from internment<\/i><\/a><em> must therefore take place on British soil, the government demanded, in order to prevent them from remaining in the country. For many internees, the path to freedom thus led first to England. Those who wanted to go to the U.S., Palestine, or another country had to undertake a second perilous sea voyage. This was true even when\u2014as in the case of Sigmund Berger\u2014U.S. ports were called at on the way to England.<\/em><br><br><em>This did not change until Australia was directly threatened by the Japanese bombing of <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-35084'>Darwin<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[22]  <b>dunera.de:<\/b> Wikipedia on theJapanese\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japanese_air_raids_on_Australia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">air raids on Australia<\/a>, accessed on August 25, 2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in February 1942. The <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-35088'>government<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[23]  <b>dunera.de:<\/b> Quoted from June Factor, *Soldiers and Aliens*, Melbourne 2022, ISBN 9780522878585, p. 34.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> now decided \u201cthat every person in this country is now\u2014whether he or she likes it or not\u2014in the service of the government to work in the defense of Australia\u2026\u201d For the specially created <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-8th-employment-company-1\/\"><i>Army Work Units<\/i><\/a><i>, internees and other \u201cenemy aliens\u201d were good enough.<\/i><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0\"><em>(dunera.de)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With the help of his son-in-law Fritz Pollak, Sigmund Berger does indeed obtain the \u201caffidavit\u201d\u2014the entry permit to the United States. On January 29, 1943, he leaves Australia aboard the <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/three-ship-stories\/#Das_Ende_der_Waroonga_%E2%80%93_Ein_Augenzeugenbericht\"><i>Waroonga<\/i><\/a>. He travels across the Pacific and through the Panama Canal to New York. There, he is able to speak with his daughter Paula for half an hour and presumably also give her the portrait sketch. But what drives him to continue his perilous journey to England? In his <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-35067'>farewell letter<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[24]  Excerpts from the last letter, January 1943, Melbourne, MD.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, which was forwarded to Paula from Australia after his death, Sigmund Berger writes\u2014out of a paternal, but likely also religiously motivated, sense of duty, though without any real knowledge of the circumstances\u2014that he intends to speak with Alfred Wieser in England in an effort to save his daughter Lore\u2019s marriage after all. For the devout Catholic and prudent father, this is apparently a necessary duty.<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cJust for the sake of an interview with Fredl\u2014which I may not even get\u2014I\u2019m heading to the coast regardless of the risk, which is now greater than ever. [\u2026] For God\u2019s sake, don\u2019t label me a hero because of this. I\u2019m doing no more than any wild animal would do to fight for its young. [\u2026] This letter will reach you through the kindness of my friends, Mrs. Grete and Alfred Landers [\u2026] should I perish on this journey. [\u2026] And so I bid farewell to you, my dear child. Without empty words, with a single request: Have a Mass said for me every December 18th\u2014and if you can bring yourself to say an Our Father for my poor soul now and then, so much the better. After the war, write to them in Vienna and tell them how everything happened. As I already did on that March 16, I once again ask everyone most sincerely for forgiveness for the many, many bitter hours I have caused you. [\u2026]<br \/>Stay happy, my children<br \/>Your father\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On April 4, 1943, the HX 231 convoy is attacked by German submarines, and the <em>Waroonga<\/em> is severely damaged by a torpedo strike from U-635. The lifeboat carrying Sigmund Berger capsizes as it is being lowered, and six of the eleven people on board, including Sigmund Berger, drown off the coast of Greenland.<br><br>Eleonore, their daughter, keeps the news of Sigmund Berger&#8217;s death <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-35092'>secret<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[25]  Martin Daxner, Notes on the Biographies, Nov. 30, 2023, ZME\/MD.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> from her mother until the fall of 1944 so as not to worsen her health.<br><br>The family\u2019s extensive correspondence across three continents\u2014Europe, the U.S., and Australia\u2014provides insight into the lives of family members separated from one another. The correspondence between Sigmund Berger and his son-in-law Fritz Pollak, for example, focuses primarily on the difficulties and obstacles involved in obtaining an affidavit for Sigmund Berger. Censorship must also be circumvented, which is why Eleonore\u2019s detention, for instance, is described as an \u201cillness\u201d from which she is slowly recovering.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"238\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Waroonga.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-22732 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Waroonga.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Waroonga-300x143.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Six of eleven internees<\/em> <em>were among the victims of the torpedo attack on the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-35096'>Waroonga<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[26]  <b>dunera.de:<\/b> Collection list for the <a href=\"https:\/\/natlib.govt.nz\/records\/22351666\">Hororata\/Waroonga<\/a>, National Library of New Zealand, accessed March 16, 2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. Built in 1914, the 9,365 GRT ship sailed for the British India Steam Navigation Company on the route from Sydney through the Panama Canal via New York to Liverpool. It was 161.5 meters long and reached a top speed of <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-35100'>13.5 knots<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[27]  <b>dunera.de:<\/b> U-boat Wiki entry on the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ubootarchiv.de\/ubootwiki\/index.php\/Waroonga\">Waroonga<\/a>, accessed on March 20, 2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (25 km\/h). Photo: State Library of New South Wales.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Battle_for_the_Pharmacy\"><\/span>The Battle for the Pharmacy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mag. Degenberger is arrested when American troops entered Ebensee and is interned at the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-35104'>Glasenbach<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[28]  <b>dunera.de:<\/b> Wikipedia (German) on the <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Camp_Marcus_W._Orr\">Glasenbach Camp<\/a> (actually: Camp Marcus W. Orr). From 1945 onward, it served as a U.S. Army camp for high-ranking Nazis. Among them were Stangl, the former SS commander of the Sobibor extermination camp; Burger, the commander of the Warsaw Ghetto; the rectors of the Vienna University of Technology and the University of Vienna; Field Marshal Kesselring; and other war criminals. Retrieved June 20, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> internment camp. He leaves Austria after his release.<br><br>Mag. Eleonore Sedlacek, n\u00e9e Berger, is the first member of the family to return to Ebensee. On March 1, 1946, she is appointed acting and then provisional director of the Schutzengel Pharmacy. It is not until March 25, 1948, that a settlement is reached with the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-35107'>Restitution Commission<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[29]  Provision Comparison Rk 121\/47, ZME\/MD.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in Linz, which also concerns the return of the apartment belonging to the pharmacy. In the early days, Eleonore has the dubious pleasure of sharing the apartment with the Degenberger family.<br><br>However, the compensation by no means covers the damage incurred; as in many comparable cases, it is more important to draw a line under the matter. In the specific case of the pharmacy, the restitution is by no means a foregone conclusion and is only possible because Mag. Lore Sedlacek (later Diernesberger)\u2014a pharmacist with all the qualifications required to manage a pharmacy\u2014is among the rightful heirs. If the aggrieved parties are ineligible for a license, the transfer of pharmacies is effectively made impossible.<br><br>The youngest daughter, Annemarie, marries Rudolf Daxner, a chemist born in Ebensee, in 1951. They live in Vienna, later in Baden near Vienna, and have three sons together. Shortly before completing her studies, Annemarie drops out due to the birth of her fourth son. Annemarie and Rudolf live in Altm\u00fcnster into their old age and are blessed with eight grandchildren and eleven great-grandchildren. She dies in Altm\u00fcnster on January 22, 2022, shortly after her 95th birthday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The author of this article, Martin Daxner, born in 1958, is a grandson of Sigmund Berger. A trained pharmacist, he ran the Schutzengelapotheke in Ebensee until 2003; the pharmacy is family-owned by Berger\u2019s descendants until then. In addition, he served as a volunteer inspector for the Upper Austrian Chamber of Pharmacists. He is the long-time chairman of the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/memorial-ebensee.at\/index.php\/de\/\">Zeitgeschichte Museum<\/a>\u201d association, founded in 1988, which has been developing and operating the Museum of Contemporary History &amp; Concentration Camp Memorial in Ebensee since 2001.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"596\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DaxnerMartin.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-34820\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DaxnerMartin.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DaxnerMartin-252x300.jpg 252w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"caption wp-block-paragraph\">Martin Daxner. Photo: private.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>Please note:<\/b> With the author\u2019s kind permission, dunera.de summarized <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-35110'>three articles<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[30]  Articles (German) by Martin Daxner:\u00a0\u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/ku-linz.at\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/Forschung\/Jaegerstaetter-Institut\/Berger_Sigmund.pdf\">Das Leben und Emigrantenschicksal<\/a> des Ebenseer Apothekers Mag. Sigmund Berger\u201c\u00a0(The Life and Fate as an Emigrant of Ebensee Pharmacist Mag. Sigmund Berger, Catholic Private University of Linz);\u00a0\"<a href=\"https:\/\/memorial-ebensee.at\/index.php\/de\/forschung-wissen\/wissen-geschichte\/18-salzkammergut-1938-45\/13-arisierung-schutzengelapotheke?highlight=WyJzaWdtdW5kIiwiYmVyZ2UiLCJiZXJnZW4iLCJiZXJnIiwiYmVyZ2VyIiwiYmVyZ2VycyJd\">Arisierung der Schutzengelapotheke<\/a> und Curriculum des davon betroffenen Apothekers Mag.pharm Sigmund Berger\u201c\u00a0(Aryanization of the Schutzengel Pharmacy and Curriculum Vitae of the Affected Pharmacist Mag.pharm Sigmund Berger), Museum of Contemporary History\/Ebensee Concentration Camp Memorial;\u00a0\u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/memorial-ebensee.at\/content\/stories\/Aktuelles\/NS-Opfer%20Aktuell%20PDF\/Sigmund%20Berger.pdf\">Sigmund Berger<\/a> (18.12.1885-4.4.1943, ertrunken im Atlantik)\u201c (Sigmund Berger (December 18, 1885\u2013April 4, 1943, drowned in the Atlantic Ocean)), ZME.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> by Martin Daxner. \u201cDas Leben und Emigrantenschicksal des Ebenseer Apothekers Mag. Sigmund Berger\u201d (The Life and Emigrant Fate of Mag. Sigmund Berger, a Pharmacist from Ebensee) was first published by the Katholische Privatuniversit\u00e4t Linz. \u201cArisierung der Schutzengelapotheke und Curriculum des davon betroffenen Apothekers Mag.pharm Sigmund Berger&#8221; (The Aryanization of the Schutzengel Pharmacy and the Curriculum Vitae of the Affected Pharmacist Mag.pharm Sigmund Berger) was published by the Zeitgeschichte Museum\/KZ-GEdenkst\u00e4tte Ebensee (ZME). The biography \u201cSigmund Berger (18.12.1885-4.4.1943, ertrunken im Atlantik)&#8221; (Sigmund Berger (Dec. 18, 1885\u2013Apr. 4, 1943, drowned in the Atlantic)) was also published there. Due to new findings, the text differs in some places from the original publications. We thank Martin Daxner for providing the images. An editorial note in the right-hand column is intended to provide additional information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Footnotes\"><\/span>Footnotes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>Please note:<\/b> The footnotes were taken from Martin Daxner\u2019s contributions. Materials from his private archive\u2014which are also available in the Ebensee Museum of Contemporary History archive\u2014are cited as ZME\/MD; documents from Daxner\u2019s private archive are cited as MD, and those from the museum archive\u2019s collection are cited as ZME. Additional footnotes, created by the dunera.de editorial team, are marked as such and refer to historical sources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>show<\/summary>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The story of the Austrian pharmacist Sigmund Berger, who was a victim of the torpedoing of the Waroonga.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":35000,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[174],"tags":[324,189,1012,1013,198,190,1014,1011],"class_list":["post-35001","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biography","tag-8th-australian-employment-company-en","tag-australia","tag-austria","tag-guardian-angel-pharmacy","tag-hmt-dunera-en","tag-internment","tag-martin-daxner","tag-sigmund-berger"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35001","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35001"}],"version-history":[{"count":40,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35001\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":36115,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35001\/revisions\/36115"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/35000"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35001"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=35001"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=35001"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}