{"id":34034,"date":"2026-06-30T09:15:00","date_gmt":"2026-06-30T07:15:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/?p=34034"},"modified":"2026-06-28T09:31:17","modified_gmt":"2026-06-28T07:31:17","slug":"the-8th-employment-company-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-8th-employment-company-1\/","title":{"rendered":"The 8th Employment Company (1)"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.elementor-1802 .elementor-element.elementor-element-13f34640{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;border-style:none;--border-style:none;--border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;--margin-top:0px;--margin-bottom:0px;--margin-left:0px;--margin-right:0px;--padding-top:60px;--padding-bottom:60px;--padding-left:5px;--padding-right:5px;}.elementor-1802 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data-widget_type=\"loop-carousel.post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper elementor-loop-container elementor-grid\" role=\"list\" dir=\"ltr\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-wrapper\" aria-live=\"off\">\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-12420\">.elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-561538b{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:calc( ( 1 - var( --container-widget-flex-grow ) ) * 100% );--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--justify-content:center;--align-items:center;--gap:0px 0px;--row-gap:0px;--column-gap:0px;--background-transition:0.3s;border-style:solid;--border-style:solid;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;--border-top-width:1px;--border-right-width:1px;--border-bottom-width:1px;--border-left-width:1px;border-color:var( --e-global-color-1137004 );--border-color:var( --e-global-color-1137004 );--border-radius:50% 50% 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0px;--e-transform-translateY:10px;}\/* Start custom CSS for theme-post-title, class: .elementor-element-9084d7b *\/.swiper-heading h3:hover{\n    color: #D45847 !important;\n}\/* End custom CSS *\/\n\/* Start custom CSS for container, class: .elementor-element-561538b *\/.elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-561538b{\n    aspect-ratio: 1\/1\n}\n\n.elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-561538b:hover *{\n    color: #D45847 !important;\n}\n\n.elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-561538b{\n    max-width: 300px;\n}\/* End custom CSS *\/<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-33907 post-33907 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-8aec category-history tag-8th-employment-company tag-australia tag-captain-e-r-m-broughton tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The 8th Employment Company (2)<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-8th-employment-company-2\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-34034 post-34034 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-8aec category-history tag-8th-australian-employment-company-en tag-captain-e-r-m-broughton tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The 8th Employment Company (1)<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-8th-employment-company-1\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-16009 post-16009 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-8aec category-history tag-8th-australian-employment-company-en tag-australia tag-experiments-on-humans tag-malaria-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The 8th Employment Company (3)<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/guinea-pigs\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-29998 post-29998 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-no-3-troop-no-10-inter-allied-commando tag-x-commando\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">X Commando \u2013 Taking up Arms Against Fascism<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/x-commando-enemy-aliens-on-the-front-lines\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-24176 post-24176 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-australien-2 tag-nazis-in-tatura-en tag-queen-mary-internierte-2 tag-tatura-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A &#8220;Jewish Mutiny&#8221;?<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/a-jewish-mutiny\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-23737 post-23737 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-australia tag-lical-internees tag-nazis-in-tatura-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u201cThe German salute is your duty\u201d<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-german-salute-is-your-duty\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-23220 post-23220 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-arnold-bernstein-en tag-exil-en tag-holocaust-en tag-mv-abosso-en tag-ulrich-a-boschwitz-en tag-waroonga-en tag-westernland-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Three Ship Stories<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/three-ship-stories\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-21689 post-21689 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-australia tag-exil-en tag-exile tag-great-britain tag-internment tag-queen-mary-en tag-singapore tag-tatura-en tag-united-kingom\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&#8220;&#8230; hurts our very innermost&#8221;<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/hurts-our-very-innermost\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-21570 post-21570 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-deportation-en tag-gerhard-seefeld-en tag-italian-internees tag-queen-mary-en tag-singapore tag-tatura-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">From Singapore \u201cunder British protection\u201d<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/from-singapore-under-british-protection\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-20548 post-20548 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-arandora-star-en tag-arandora-star-en tag-australia tag-deportation-en tag-dunera-en tag-england-en tag-exil-en tag-holocaust-en tag-internment tag-italiener-2\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Arandora Star <br>Part 3<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/arandora-star-part-3\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-20087 post-20087 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-exil-en tag-felix-nussbaum-2 tag-holocaust-en tag-j-stamp tag-judenstempel-en tag-persecution tag-sweden tag-switzerland\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The &#8220;J&#8221;-Stamp<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-j-stamp\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-16216 post-16216 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-aktionsjuden-en tag-anti-semitism tag-buchenwald-concentration-camp tag-dachau-concentration-camp tag-faschism tag-franz-lebrecht-en tag-holocaust-en tag-judenaktion-en tag-night-of-broken-glass tag-pogrom-en tag-rath-jews tag-sachsenhausen-concentration-camp\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&#8220;Aktionsjuden&#8221;<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/aktionsjuden\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-15412 post-15412 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-bombay-en tag-exil-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-paretzkin-en tag-sonnenfeldt-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&#8220;Dumped&#8221; in Bombay<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/dumped-in-bombay\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-14851 post-14851 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-buchenwald-concentration-camp tag-dachau-concentration-camp tag-exil-en tag-leon-gottlieb-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&#8220;Sympathy and human kindness&#8221;<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/sympathy-and-human-kindness\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-8727 post-8727 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-australia tag-camp-hay-en tag-internment\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">An appeal made by internees<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/an-appeal-made-by-internees\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-14865 post-14865 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-8th-australian-employment-company-en tag-australia tag-internment tag-paul-r-bartrop tag-white-australia-policy\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&#8220;99,1 per cent british&#8221;<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/991-per-cent-british\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-11996 post-11996 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-aktionsjuden-en tag-buchenwald-concentration-camp tag-csr-en tag-dachau-concentration-camp tag-holocaust-en tag-munich-agreement tag-neville-chamberlain-en tag-sachsenhausen-concentration-camp\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The \u201eFall Gr\u00fcn\u201c<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-fall-gruen\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10633 post-10633 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-abraham-flieder-en tag-buchenwald-concentration-camp tag-holocaust-en tag-jews-from-poland tag-judenaktion-en tag-polenaktion-en tag-zbaszyn-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The &#8220;Polenaktion&#8221;<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-polenaktion\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10153 post-10153 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-buchenwald-concentration-camp tag-dachau-concentration-camp tag-exil-en tag-leon-gottlieb-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&#8220;Two Years in Nazi concentration camps&#8221;<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/two-years-in-nazi-concentration-camps\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-12689 post-12689 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-british-deportations category-history tag-arandora-star-en tag-churchill-en tag-deportations tag-exil-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-united-kingom\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">British deportations<br>Part 1<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/british-deportationspart-2-2\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-12555 post-12555 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-british-deportations category-history tag-arandora-star-en tag-churchill-en tag-deportations tag-exil-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-united-kingom\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">British deportations<br>Part 2<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/british-deportationspart-2\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-12910 post-12910 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-british-deportations category-history tag-arandora-star-en tag-churchill-en tag-deportations tag-exil-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">British deportations<br>Part 3<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/british-deportationspart-3\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-12081 post-12081 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-arandora-star-en category-history tag-arandora-star-en tag-australia tag-dunera-en tag-exil-en tag-holocaust-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Arandora Star<br>Part 1<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/arandora-starpart-1\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-12387 post-12387 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-arandora-star-en category-history tag-arandora-star-en tag-australia tag-dunera-en tag-exil-en tag-holocaust-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Arandora Star <br>Part 2<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/arandora-star-part-2\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-prev\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Previous\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-chevron-left\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M646 125C629 125 613 133 604 142L308 442C296 454 292 471 292 487 292 504 296 521 308 533L604 854C617 867 629 875 646 875 663 875 679 871 692 858 704 846 713 829 713 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economic situation in Australia had become precarious: 100,000 men had been drafted into the military, leaving a shortage of workers in the economy. The labor shortages, particularly in the transportatioffruitn and construction sectors, had to be addressed. The Australian government was forced to begin employing non-naturalized immigrants and \u201cenemy aliens\u201d as well. The internees of the Dunera and Queen Mary were promised Australian citizenship if they made themselves useful in furthering the war effort. Certainly, military service was linked to the expectation of escaping isolation in the internment camps at Tatura. However, neither the internees nor the migrants were permitted to serve in the armed forces. The 8th Australian Employment Company was a very special work unit.<\/p>\n<cite>Peter Dehn, June 2026<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9C%E2%80%A6_every_human_being_in_this_country_%E2%80%A6%E2%80%9C\"><\/span>&#8220;<strong><strong><strong>\u2026 every human being in this country \u2026<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong>&#8220;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1938, Australia\u2019s representative Thomas Walter White had distinguished himself at the Evian Conference regarding the treatment of Jewish refugees with the following statement: \u201cSince we have no real racial problem, we are not willing to import one.\u201d In light of the <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/991-per-cent-british\/\">new situation<\/a>, the stance was no longer \u201cOur population is <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-14759'>99.1% of British nationality<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[1]  Zitat aus einer Wahlkampfrede von <a href=\"https:\/\/electionspeeches.moadoph.gov.au\/speeches\/1937-joseph-lyons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Joseph Lyons<\/a> am 28. September 1937.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> and we wish to keep it so.\u201d<br><br>In 1945, the communist politician <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34059'>Richard Dixon<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[2]  Richard Dixon, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/history\/australia\/comintern\/sections\/australia\/1945\/white-australia.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Immigration and the \u2018White Australia Policy<\/a>\u2019,\u201d Sydney, 1945. Accessed May 12, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> described the \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34063'>White Australia Policy<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[3]  The \u201cImmigration Restriction Act\u201d was one of the first laws passed by the new Parliament in 1901 and was not repealed until 1975. See, among others, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.naa.gov.au\/explore-collection\/immigration-and-citizenship\/immigration-restriction-act-1901\">National Archives of Australia<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nma.gov.au\/defining-moments\/resources\/white-australia-policy\">National Museum of Australia<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/White_Australia_policy\">Wikipedia<\/a> on the \u201cWhite Australia Policy.\u201d Accessed March 15, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>,\u201d introduced in Australia in 1901, as a different version of Hitler\u2019s racial theory, directed in Australia against Indians, Chinese, and Indonesians, who were Australia\u2019s allies during World War II. In mid-1940, Churchill targeted refugees who had fled Nazi persecution\u2014and were thus natural allies of the Allies in the fight against Hitler\u2014for <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/british-deportationspart-2-2\/\">mass internment<\/a> and deportation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"War-related_compromises_regarding_the_%E2%80%9CWhite_Australia_Policy%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>War-related compromises regarding the \u201cWhite Australia Policy\u201d<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"518\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/19420219_Darwin_Bombardementjpg.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-33721 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/19420219_Darwin_Bombardementjpg.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/19420219_Darwin_Bombardementjpg-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/19420219_Darwin_Bombardementjpg-768x497.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The bombing of Darwin on February 19, 1942. Source: Wikipedia (public domain).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Japanese attacks on <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-27859'>Pearl Harbor<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[4]  Japan entered the war with the attack on <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Angriff_auf_Pearl_Harbor\"><u>Pearl Harbor<\/u><\/a> on December 7, 1941, accessed on August 25, 2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in December 1941 and <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-27864'>Darwin<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[5]  Wikipedia on the <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luftangriffe_auf_Australien_von_1942_bis_1943\"><u>air raids on Australia<\/u><\/a>, accessed on 25 August 2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> on February 19, 1942, triggered a <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34067'>mass mobilization<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[6]  <span class=\"content\">Bartrop, Paul \u201e\u2018Enemy Aliens\u2018 and the Formation auf Australia\u2019s 8th Employment Company\u201c. In \u201eManpower and the Armies of the British Empire in the Two World Wars\u201c, 2021, ISBN 9781501755866, Seite 134ff.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> of 100,000 soldiers in Australia. As a result, the Australian government was forced to set aside the xenophobia and racism associated with the \u201cWhite Australia Policy\u201d in order to replace the resulting labor shortage. The change in government to the Labor Party may also have contributed to this policy shift. Prime Minister <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34071'>John Curtin<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[7]  Quoted from June Factor, *Soldiers and Aliens*, Melbourne 2022, ISBN 9780522878585, p. 34.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Labor Party) outlined the new strategy in February 1942:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">&#8220;That means clearly and specifically that every human being in this country is now, whether he or she likes it, at the service of the Government to work in the defense of Australia &#8230;&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cEvery human being in this country \u201d \u2014 that included the mobilization of \u201cnon-British subjects.\u201d Tens of thousands of men of military age, internees and migrants alike, regardless of their origin, religion, or race, were now deemed fit enough to contribute to the defense of the country. As long as they didn\u2019t get their hands on weapons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"15000_men_in_labour_companies\"><\/span>15,000 men in labour companies<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Australian Army established 39 labor units. <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34075'>Eleven companies<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[8]  See \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/vwma.org.au\/explore\/units\/3437\">Works \/ Labour \/ Employment Company\/ies<\/a>,\u201d Virtual War Memorial Australia. Accessed May 12, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> were staffed entirely or partially by \u201caliens\u201d\u2014internees or Australians with roots in enemy nations. These companies of foreigners were organized by language group and operated in designated states. Initially, they were designated as \u201cWorks Companies\u201d or \u201cLabor Companies\u201d and reached a combined strength of up to <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34079'>15,000 men<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[9]  une Factor, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.yosselbirstein.org\/pdf\/eng\/other\/Forgotten_Soldiers.pdf\">Forgotten Soldiers<\/a>: Aliens in the Australian Army\u2019s Employment Companies During World War II,\u201d p. 1, online. Accessed May 15, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">The <strong>2nd and 3rd Companies<\/strong> were stationed in New South Wales. German refugees also served in the 3rd Company.<br \/>The <strong>4th, 6th, and 8th Companies<\/strong>, staffed by German-speaking personnel, worked in Victoria. <br \/>The Chinese <strong>7th Company<\/strong> was established in Fremantle (Western Australia) and later transferred to Queensland.<br \/>The <strong>10th Company<\/strong> in South Australia was not officially an \u201cAlien\u201d unit, but had a \u201csignificant foreign element.\u201d<br \/>The <strong>11th Company<\/strong> was attached to the 12th after a short time.<br \/>The <strong>12th Company<\/strong>, also with German-speaking personnel, was transferred from Western Australia to the Northern Territories.<br \/>The <strong>23rd Company<\/strong> included \u201cKoepangoese\u201d\u2014migrants from the then-Dutch colony of West Timor (now part of Indonesia). <br \/>The <strong>36th Company<\/strong> comprised Indonesians, who were often referred to in Australia as \u201cJavanese\u201d after the largest ethnic group there.<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Under the auspices of the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34083'>Allied Works Council<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[10]  Wikipedia on the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allied_Works_Council\">AWC<\/a>. Accessed on May 15, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (AWC), primarily Italian internees were enlisted in the Civil Alien Corps (CAC) beginning in 1943. By the time it was disbanded in May 1945, 1,671 of the 15,601 officially registered \u201caliens\u201d had worked in road construction and forestry in <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34086'>Western Australia<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[11]  Civilian Alien Corps <a href=\"https:\/\/www.naa.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-05\/fs-182-civil-alien-corps-records-held-in-perth.pdf\">records<\/a> held in Perth; NAA Fact Sheet No. 182. Accessed on May 13, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. The AWC also oversaw the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34090'>Civil Constructional Corps<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[12]  Wikipedia on the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Civil_Constructional_Corps\">Civil Construction Corps<\/a>. Accessed on April 20, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (CCC), whose 53,500 volunteered or conscripted Australians built airfields, anti-aircraft gun emplacements, barracks, and other military facilities throughout Australia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Major_Layton_comes_out_on_top\"><\/span>Major Layton comes out on top<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The number of deported refugees in internment camps had by then fallen significantly: By early 1942, some <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34094'>1,300 men<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[13]  Memorandum to the Australian Cabinet dated February 23, 1944, cited in Bartrop and Eisen, *The Dunera Affair*, Melbourne 1990, ISBN 1 86337 025-0, p. 127.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> from the Dunera had been brought to Great Britain to serve in unarmed engineering units or perform other tasks vital to the war effort. Some traveled on to third countries such as the United States and Palestine. Major Julian Layton, who was tasked with winding down the camps in Australia, had advocated for this upon his arrival in March 1941.<br><br>By then, it was clear that the internments would end. Hundreds of remaining internees were deployed in January 1942 as <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34098'>fruit pickers<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[14]  Quoted from Bartrop, \u201cEnemy Aliens,\u201d op. cit., p. 139.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> on farms in the region around Tatura and neighboring Shepparton. \u201cThere was no barbed wire, no guards, no officers or soldiers, nothing but kindness, and we felt as if we were their guests \u2026 To make a long story short: We were happy.\u201c <br><br>Around the same time, Layton persuaded the Australian government to accept internees into the Australian Army. \u201cUltimately after many exhausting interviews and negotiations this was agreed to\u201c, <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34102'>Layton recalled<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[15]  Interview with J. Layton, recorded at the Imperial War Museum, London. Quoted from Bartrop\/Eisen, op. cit., p. 124.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, adding: Australia could not really reject this proposal; it was well known that many \u201caliens\u201d\u2014and not just Germans\u2014served in the British Auxiliary Military Pioneer Corps (A.M.P.C.). Some later volunteered for the fighting force and were accepted. The \u201cNo. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando\u201d consisted entirely of \u201cenemy aliens\u201d; in its No. 3 Troop (\u201cX Commando\u201d), more than 80 German speakers served, including <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/x-commando-enemy-aliens-on-the-front-lines\/\">nine former Dunera Boys<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Allure_of_Citizenship\"><\/span>The Allure of Citizenship<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cEveryone came forward; even those over 60 were officially instructed to state their age as no more than about 40,\u201d recalled <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/franz-lebrecht\/\">Franz Lebrecht<\/a>, an internee at the Queen Mary. \u201cHowever, very few of them signed up out of enthusiasm; they mainly signed up because they saw it as a chance to get out,\u201d <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34106'>he continued<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[16]  <span class=\"content\">Lebrecht, Franz, \u201eBericht \u00fcber Erlebnisse w\u00e4hrend der Zeit des Dritten Reiches, - u.a. aus 4 Konzentrationslagern\u201c from April 10, 1960, Wiener Library, London, p. 26.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<br><br>The announcement that their service would be rewarded with Australian citizenship or a permanent residence permit was very welcome news to the internees. A briefing for a speech by the Australian <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25134'>Minister of Defense<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[17]  Cf. Minute of the General-Adjudant to Australian Parliarment from 29.3.1946. NAA_ItemNumber4938132, page 28, point d.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> provided context for this in 1946:<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cOwing to transport difficulties it was not possible to return to the UK, the refugee aliens held in Australia and they were permitted to volunteer for service in the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34110'>AMF<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[18]  Wikipedia on the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australian_Military_Forces\">Australian Military Forces<\/a> (AMF), accessed on March 30, 2026. Accessed on April 15, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. Those who were medically fit for service were enlisted and posted to 8 Employment Coy. Enemy aliens who could not be classified as refugees were not permitted to enlist.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many of the internees deported to Australia by the British would have liked to have fought alongside the Allies with a weapon at their side. \u201cI myself, having already volunteered for the front lines during my internment along with about three other men, said with bitter irony: \u2018We are defending the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-13464'>70th defense line<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[19]  Lebrecht loc.cit., page 27.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019.\u201d<br><br><span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34113'>Heinz Werner Margulies <\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[20]  Heinz Werner Margulies (Margate); memoir *The Bear to the Southern Cross*, Chapter 14, quoted from \"Dunera News\" No. 97, June 2016, page 22.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>put it even more bluntly in retrospect:<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cAlthough they had allowed me to enlist in the Australian Army, they wouldn\u2019t permit me to join a fighting unit, for my own good they said. I had wanted to go up north to Papua New Guinea, but they believed hat as a German, I might find I was not completely trusted by my unit, which would affect the cohesiveness of the unit, and possibly my safety too. If something happened to me, no one would know whether it was by a bullet from the enemy or one from my own unit!\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9CA_new_life_of_own_choosing_begins%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>&#8220;A new life of own choosing begins&#8221;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34116'>Major Layton<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[21]  \u201cJulian Layton, Stockbroker and Soldier\u201d in K. Inglis, B. Gammage, S. Spark, J. Winter, C. Bunyan, *Dunera Lives \u2013 Profiles*, Melbourne 2020, ISBN 9781925835659, p. 41.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> had secured the admission of former internees into the Australian Army, he arranged for about 400 internees to be transported from the Tatura camp to Melbourne to enlist as volunteers. On April 7, 1940, he went there himself. \u201c The men looked somewhat bewildered,\u201d he wrote. However, they were well aware that they were near the gates of freedom.<br><br>Dunera Boy <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34119'>Klaus Wilczynski<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[22]  Klaus Wilczynski, *Das Gefangenenschiff*, Berlin 2001, ISBN 5-89793-044-7, p. 293.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> recalls:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cMy life as an internee began on a fenced-in sports field far away; it ends once and for all, irrevocably, on a racetrack, and a new life of my own choosing begins.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"526\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/8aaec_angetreten01_friedlaender.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-33770 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/8aaec_angetreten01_friedlaender.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/8aaec_angetreten01_friedlaender-300x197.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/8aaec_angetreten01_friedlaender-768x505.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Harry Jay may have photographed this scene in 1945. Source: Friedl\u00e4nder Collection.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Over time, more than <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34122'>500 internees<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[23]  Research by dunera.de in the personnel and military files of the internees at the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.naa.gov.au\/\">National Archives of Australia<\/a> and the \u201cNominal Rolls\u201d of the Australian government\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/nominal-rolls.dva.gov.au\/\">Department of Veterans\u2019 Affairs<\/a> (DVA). See memorandum to the Australian Cabinet dated February 23, 1944, in Bartrop\/Eisen, op. cit., p. 127. The document mentions 549 enlistments and 474 ongoing internments. Retrieved on May 20, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> of the <em>Dunera<\/em> and the <em>Queen Mary<\/em> responded to the call for voluntary service in the Australian Army. Among the survivors of the Arandora Star, 22 German speakers and one Italian had volunteered. In addition, there were 49 Germans and Austrians and six Italians from the Queen Mary group. Beyond that, only a few other refugees were permanently accepted; one known example is <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/ernst-friedlich\/\">Ernst Friedlich<\/a>.<br><br>For the families deported from <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/from-singapore-under-british-protection\/\">Singapore<\/a>, volunteering for military service had another tangible benefit: their wives and children were \u201creleased on parole\u201d shortly after their husbands began their service. This official notation, however, conveys official mistrust and can even be found in the records of infants and schoolchildren. Most families settled in Melbourne to be close to their spouses.<br><br>Of the eight men in the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-shanghai-12\/\">Shanghai 12<\/a>,\u201d five had also volunteered. They had never been interned and were drafted into the 4th, 6th, or 12th Employment Companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_8th_Australian_Employment_Company\"><\/span>The 8th Australian Employment Company<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The former internees were grouped into a unit established specifically for them. Its history began as the \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34126'>8th Labour Company<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[24]  War diary of the 8th Australian Employment Company, 1\/2.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d on April 7, 1942, with 453 soldiers. The composition of the unit reflects the difficulty of uniting such a diverse group into a cohesive whole. Historian June Factor describes the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34130'>unique aspects<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[25]  June Factor, *Soldiers and Aliens*, op. cit., blurb.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> that was reflected in many labor companies\u2014most strongly in the 8AEC:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201eScholars and peasents, musicians and factory wirkers, communists and royalists, Jews and Catholics, animists and atheistsw, they all layboured under standard strict Army regulations, living in tens and huts, loading and unloading trains, working the wharves, cutting timber, and transporting goods.\u201c<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"770\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/8aec_heraldik_Wittenberg-.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15558 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/8aec_heraldik_Wittenberg-.png 800w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/8aec_heraldik_Wittenberg--300x289.png 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/8aec_heraldik_Wittenberg--768x739.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cWork and work\u201d \u2013 the coat of arms was designed by Pte. Emil Wittenberg. Courtesy of Martin F. Burman.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Initial_tasks\"><\/span>Initial tasks<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On the first day, their commander, <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/edward-broughton-soldier-and-bookmaker\/\">Captain Edward Renata Muhunga Broughton<\/a>, had granted all the soldiers a day off\u2014a brief respite. For they were immediately put to work on general tasks around the camp. \u201c Outside working parties were supplied 2 days after formation of 8th Labour Coy, when <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34134'>3 NCOs and 124 O\/Rs<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[26]  War diary, loc.cit., 1\/2.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> were engaged in diggiging slit trenches, loading dry Hessian and general stores.\u201d<br><br>An unnamed soldier reports: \u201cWe are digging trenches. We are only working 30 minutes in an hour and during those 30 minutes we take it very easy,\u201d he wrote to \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34136'>Boomerang<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[27]  \u201cBoomerang\u201d No. 31, May 1942; camp newspaper at Tatura Camp 2. Quoted in Bartrop\/Eisen, op. cit., p. 364.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d, the magazine of his former internment camp.<br><br>By April 13, more than 250 men were already <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34140'>working outside the camp<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[28]  <span class=\"content\">War diary, loc. cit. 1\/2.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. \u201cOn various occasions all night working parties were supplied for the purpose of unloading ships at the Victoria Docks. \u201d The Port of Melbourne became one of the regular locations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Lieutenants_and_non-commissioned_officers\"><\/span>Lieutenants and non-commissioned officers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Captain Broughton initially had four lieutenants under his command. All had already served in World War I, and some had fought in France, among other places. At the outset, the unit included three Australian sergeants; within a short time, nine additional NCOs (non-commissioned officers) were assigned to it. They, too, were remobilized veterans of World War I and were therefore over 40 years old. Looking back, Broughton was <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34143'>harsh in his judgment<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[29]  Quoted from \u201cDunera Lives \u2013 Profiles,\u201d op. cit., p. 10.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> of them: \u201cHalf of them could not have lifted a paper-back and the other half would have dropped it. \u2026 But they could all give orders which no-one obeyed anyway.\u201d<br><br>There was a need to fill a large number of vacant positions and to adhere to staffing ratios. But Broughton also integrated \u201caliens\u201d into the unit\u2019s structure from the very beginning for psychological reasons. As early as May 11, 1942, Paul Allert, Bruno Friedl\u00e4nder, Bruno Kluger, and Alfred Lewinsky were the first former internees to be promoted to <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34147'>Lance Corporals<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[30]  <span class=\"content\">War diary, 1\/17, 1\/75, 3\/46.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. By the end of August, more than 20 \u201caliens\u201d were serving, and by the end of the year, at least 39 Australian and \u201calien\u201d non-commissioned officers were on duty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_final_name\"><\/span>The final name<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On June 17, 1942, the company\u2019s base was moved from Royal Park in the suburb of Caulfield to Camp Pell in Parkville, closer to Melbourne\u2019s city center and harbor. On October 8, 1942, the unit received its final designation: <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34150'>8th Australian Employment Company<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[31]  <span class=\"content\">War diary, 2\/105.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. On December 26, 1942, the 8AEC consisted of six officers and 531 men. By the end of the year, at least 39 Australian and \u201calien\u201d non-commissioned officers were on duty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"341\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/CampPell_StateLibVictoria.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-33733 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/CampPell_StateLibVictoria.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/CampPell_StateLibVictoria-300x102.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/CampPell_StateLibVictoria-768x262.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">View of part of Camp Pell. Argus Newspaper Collection, State Library of Victoria.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_very_special_unit\"><\/span>A very special unit<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Captain Broughton found himself in charge of a very special unit, but the half-Maori veteran of the Battle of Gallipoli managed to earn the respect, admiration, and gratitude of \u201chis\u201d men.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Jewish_majority\"><\/span>Jewish majority<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An important aspect was Broughton\u2019s respect for the Jewish majority under his command. He educated himself on the fundamentals and customs of Judaism. He allowed religious soldiers to attend services, provided that the unit\u2019s duties were not hindered. <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34153'>Christian soldiers<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[32]  War diary, 2\/134.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> had the same rights. On May 21, 1942, for example, the Company Routine Order announced Jewish services at the Toorak Synagogue. He provided Jewish soldiers who had no contact with Australian families with <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34156'>a pound of matzo<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[33]  War diary, 5\/33.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> for the Seder. On May 23, 1940, among other dates, the daily order provided information about services of four Christian denominations. Broughton took great care to ensure that soldiers did not benefit from <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34163'>freedoms<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[34]  War diary, 1\/28, 1\/30.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> granted to members of both religions.<br><br>On the side, \u201cTip\u201d Broughton\u2014also known as \u201cSkipper\u201d in the lingo\u2014learned German. Occasionally, he even gave speeches in German, with a non-commissioned officer helping him out by <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34159'>whispering corrections<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[35]  From \u201cDunera Lives \u2013 Profiles,\u201d op. cit., p. 13.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<br><br>Another distinctive feature of the 8AEC was the wide range of professional skills among its members\u2014particularly in intellectual fields, but also in the trades. The age range of the soldiers was equally broad, spanning from 18 to nearly 60 years old.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"723\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/8AEC_Menues_jma.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-34626 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/8AEC_Menues_jma.png 1000w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/8AEC_Menues_jma-300x217.png 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/8AEC_Menues_jma-768x555.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The 1943 Christmas menu (left) and the 1944 Passover menu, both for the Tocumwal detachment. Courtesy of the Jewish Museum of Australia, collection numbers 3646 and 4148.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Everyday_Life_in_the_Military\"><\/span>Everyday Life in the Military<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Captain Broughton always prefaced his daily orders with the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34166'>daily schedule<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[36]  War Diary, 2\/49. The information provided here is illustrative and has been revised several times.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> at Camp Pell:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:62.51%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-regular\"><table><tbody><tr><td>Reveille<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-right\" data-align=\"right\">0530 hrs<\/td><td><\/td><td>Evening meal<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-right\" data-align=\"right\">1730 hrs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Breakfast<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-right\" data-align=\"right\">0630 hrs<\/td><td><\/td><td>First post<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-right\" data-align=\"right\">2130 hrs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sick parade<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-right\" data-align=\"right\">0730 hrs<\/td><td><\/td><td>Last post <\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-right\" data-align=\"right\">2200 hrs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Midday meal<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-right\" data-align=\"right\">1200 hrs<\/td><td><\/td><td>Lights off&nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-right\" data-align=\"right\">2215 hrs<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Guard duty had to be covered every day. Initially, a lieutenant and two Australian non-commissioned officers were assigned to this task. As early as April 10, Broughton promoted 10 soldiers to corporal. The names of those promoted were announced in the daily orders, which, however, were not issued until July 14, 1942. Starting in October 1942, this task was occasionally entrusted to two \u201cforeign\u201d NCOs without Australian \u201csupervision.\u201d During the later field detachment in Albury, a \u201cforeign\u201d NCO led the guard duty with six Ptes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dress_code_and_%E2%80%A6\"><\/span>Dress code and \u2026<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is well known that an army places great importance on its dress code. More than a few soldiers have been punished by the \u201cSkipper\u201d after being caught by military police in town wearing their uniforms improperly. On several occasions, Broughton gave clear instructions regarding the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34170'>dress code<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[37]  War diary, 2\/22.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u2014 including the correct way to wear the \u201cslouch hat,\u201d the legendary headgear of the Australian and New Zealand armies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cMembers of this Coy are once again warned against the preactice of parading in the streets with their jackets unbuttoned an their hats incorrectly ceased. If this practice vontinues, it will a reflection on the whole of the 8th Labour Coy, apart from the disciplinary action that will be taken.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"675\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Kokarde_Friedlaender_Dehn-675x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-33732\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Kokarde_Friedlaender_Dehn-675x1024.png 675w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Kokarde_Friedlaender_Dehn-198x300.png 198w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Kokarde_Friedlaender_Dehn-768x1165.png 768w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Kokarde_Friedlaender_Dehn.png 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 675px) 100vw, 675px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"caption wp-block-paragraph\">The badge needs to be attached to the slouch hat\u2014but how? Source: Friedl\u00e4nder Collection.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%A6_supple_leather\"><\/span>\u2026 supple leather <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To outsiders, the official instructions from the High Command on <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34173'>breaking in boots<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[38]  Order from Vic L of C, R\/O 122\/42, in the War diary, 1\/60.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u2014 which Broughton passed on \u2014 seem amusing.<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cAfter careful fitting, the man should stand in about three inches of water for about 20 minutes, or until the leather becomes thoroughly wet and pliable and in a condition to stretch easily &#8230;\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Leisure_activities\"><\/span>Leisure activities<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After years behind bars, being stationed in the big city of Melbourne was a breath of fresh air for all the soldiers. \u201cMilitary life is no picnic, but I can think of worse conditions,\u201d historian <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34176'>Paul R. Bartrop<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[39]  Bartrop, *Enemy Aliens*, op. cit., p. 142.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> quotes a soldier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"625\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/dugout_awm.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-33751 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/dugout_awm.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/dugout_awm-300x234.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/dugout_awm-768x600.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The department store chain Myer operated the \u201cDug-Out\u201d club for soldiers in downtown Melbourne, which Charles William Bush painted in March 1943: Source: Australian War Memorial No. ART23689 (public domain).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many reported with enthusiasm that they could once again attend concerts and watch movies. They visited bars, met women, and gathered at the military club \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34183'>Dug-Out<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[40]  The \u201cDug-Out\u201d was a club for Allied military personnel in downtown Melbourne.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d or other venues to dance.<br><br>The Army organized lectures, concerts, and movie nights; occasionally, the Army\u2019s \u201cmobile entertainment\u201d groups performed at Camp Pell. On December 13, 1942, the 8AEC was invited to a singing evening featuring the tenor and fellow internees and soldiers <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34179'>Erich (Eric) Liffmann<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[41]  War Diary, 3\/64. Tenor Erich Liffmann served as a private in the 8th Employment Company from August 8, 1942, to February 7, 1946; Captain Broughton gave him the opportunity to perform outside the military as well.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<br><br>In October 1942, the \u201cSkipper\u201d strongly recommended that off-duty soldiers attend an illustrated talk by the Education Department on the topic \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34187'>The Red Army and the Russian People<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[42]  <span class=\"content\">War diary, 2\/111, 2\/112, 2\/114.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.\u201d \u201cThe commander wishes as many men from this unit as possible to attend this event, which is of great relevance to everyone.\u201d The following day, Broughton announced that all leave passes had been collected; \u201cthe entire company\u201d had to assemble at 7:15 p.m. and march to the mess hall to attend this talk. Broughton established himself as a speaker with a series of talks on <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34189'>New Zealand<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[43]  War diary 4\/68.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34191'>One year after its founding<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[44]  War diary, 5\/48.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, seven officers and 511 enlisted men served in the 8th Employment Company.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Employment_entertainment_or_enjoyment\"><\/span>Employment, entertainment or enjoyment?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"615\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/19420523_RadioTimes_ErichLiffmann-615x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-33757 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/19420523_RadioTimes_ErichLiffmann-615x1024.png 615w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/19420523_RadioTimes_ErichLiffmann-180x300.png 180w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/19420523_RadioTimes_ErichLiffmann-768x1278.png 768w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/19420523_RadioTimes_ErichLiffmann-923x1536.png 923w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/19420523_RadioTimes_ErichLiffmann.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 615px) 100vw, 615px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The weekly newspaper \u201cRadio News\u201d praised Erich Liffmann for a radio concert in May 1942. Source: Wikipedia.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The high intellectual potential of many foreign companies made it possible for them to pursue their own artistic activities. In the 8th Australian Employment Company, this was particularly pronounced\u2014a continuation of the activities that had taken place during their internment. Captain Broughton allowed many of his young soldiers to pursue distance learning and excused them from duty for required classes and exams. On many occasions, the numerous musicians and artists among the soldiers presented concerts and theater evenings to the residents of their duty stations. At times, they joked self-deprecatingly that they were serving in the \u201c8th Entertainment Company.\u201d<br><br>An outstanding example of Broughton\u2019s support was the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34193'>tenor Erich Liffmann<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[45]  \u201cRadio Times,\u201d Melbourne, May 17\u201323, 1942, cited in Wikipedia about <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Erich_Liffmann\">Liffmann<\/a>, accessed April 20, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. He was able to sing on the radio in May 1942; \u201ca sensation from the very first note,\u201d wrote one newspaper, explicitly noting that he was a soldier in the \u201c8th Labor Battalion.\u201d In addition to his duties in the army, Liffmann was able to establish himself for a postwar career in Melbourne\u2019s music scene. The euphoric reviews made it easier for Broughton to approve special leave for events. \u201cHis performance activities assisted in raising thousands of pounds for the war effort and associated charities.\u201d<br><br>All the soldiers showed solidarity and were generous with their <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34197'>donations<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[46]  <span class=\"content\">War diary, 7\/71, 7\/105, 8\/50, 8\/38.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. The C.O. expressed his gratitude for the participation in a war bond drive, the proceeds of which had risen from 1,000 to 1,120 pounds. Broughton quoted a letter of thanks \u201cfor the wonderful show\u201d with which the unit in Tocumwal had supported the war bond drive. The Tocumwal unit raised 45 pounds for an injured railway worker, a union publication reported gratefully. In February 1944, 72 men from the Camp Pell detachment assisted in fighting bushfires in Yallourn and repaired tracks used by coal dredges, among other tasks.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On March 12, 1943, the C.O. thanked \u201c\u2026 the Orchestra of the 8 Aust Employment Coy who rendered such an excellent programme at the opening on Tuesday evening of the CWO hut.\u201d Noteworthy: Jewish musicians performed at the opening of a band hall for the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34199'>Catholic Welfare Organization<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[47]  War diary, 5\/16. See also \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/dt-hs.blogspot.com\/2017\/06\/st-annes-park-orchards-church-that.html\">St. Anne\u2019s Park Orchards<\/a> \u2013 The Church that Travelled.\u201d Accessed May 20, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (CWO) at Camp Pell.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Snow_White_at_the_loading_dock\"><\/span>Snow White at the loading dock<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The most significant event in the unit\u2019s cultural life was the performance of \u201cSgt. Snow White\u201d. Sergeant Kurt \u201cDoc\u201d Sternberg had developed the satirical anti-fascist musical revue using material from performances in Hay and Tatura, along with new material. Soldiers wrote songs and crafted the sets and costumes. Naturally, soldiers took the stage; Liffmann played the lead role of Prince Charming. To mark the first anniversary of the 8AEC, the play premiered on April 17, 1943, at the Union Theatre in Melbourne, with additional performances to follow. It was celebrated in the Melbourne press as a groundbreaking theatrical concept, and repeat performances ensued.<br><br>The satire touches on exile, internment, and military service. For example, the dialogue mentions the \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34203'>8th Enjoyment Company<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[48]  Dr Albrecht D\u00fcmling, \"The Vanished Musicians\", Oxford 2016, ISBN 9783034319515, p. 298.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>,\u201d which is, of course, immediately corrected. The \u201cSkipper\u201d had helped with the preparations and execution and didn\u2019t shy away from making a small <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-27905'>cameo appearance<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[49]  Inglis, Spark et al. \u201eDunera Lives. Profiles\u201c, Melbourne 2020, page 13.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"706\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/194306206_PIX_SnowWhite_Jay-1024x706.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-21468 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/194306206_PIX_SnowWhite_Jay-1024x706.png 1024w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/194306206_PIX_SnowWhite_Jay-300x207.png 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/194306206_PIX_SnowWhite_Jay-768x529.png 768w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/194306206_PIX_SnowWhite_Jay.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In June 1943, <em>\u201cPix Magazine\u201d<\/em> published an extensive photo feature on \u201cSgt. Snow White.\u201d The photos were taken by <em>Dunera Boy <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/harry-jay-jeidels\/\">Harry Jay<\/a><em>, who<\/em> later made a name for himself as a theater photographer in Melbourne. <em>Source: Trove Archive, Australia.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sergeant <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/sigurd-sigismund-lohde\/\">Sigurd Lohde<\/a> had performed the song \u201cSounds of Europe\u201d on stage. The war diary notes on <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34212'>August 12, 1943<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[50]  War diary, 6\/79.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>: \u201cSgt. Baer and Pte Hochberger win 1st Prize in the A.B.C. Competition for Music and Verse.\u201d Music historian Albrecht D\u00fcmling adds: \u201cThey [the jury] were surprised to learn that &#8216;Sounds of Europe&#8217; was the work not of Australian soldiers, but of two aliens. The ABC broadcast the song nationwide, but decided <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-27935'>not to publish it<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[51]  D\u00fcmling op. cit., page 306.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.\u201d<br><br>From August 27 to September 10, 1943, Captain Broughton was hospitalized. He received many telegraphic get-well messages from \u201chis\u201d men. He was replaced by <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34215'>Captain Walker<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[52]  War diary, 4\/82.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, C.O. of the 4th AEC in Albury.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Albury_and_Tocumwal\"><\/span>Albury and Tocumwal<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On September 5, 1942, a detachment of the 8AEC was first sent to Albury: Lieutenant Latter and 116 men were attached to the 4th Labour Company there until December 10. Another 16 men under Lieutenant Hockenhull left Melbourne on September 16, 1942, to report to the 6th Labour Company in <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34221'>Tocumwal<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[53]  War diary, 2\/66f.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (New South Wales).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Break-of-gauge\"><\/span>Break-of-gauge<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The train stations in both towns, along with the Port of Melbourne, became the 8th Employment Company\u2019s most important operational bases. The small town of Albury on the southern border of New South Wales was logistically important because it was where incompatible railway systems converged. Trains from Sydney (New South Wales) ran on \u201cEuropean\u201d tracks with a gauge of 1,435 millimeters. To the south, toward Melbourne (Victoria), \u201cbroad-gauge\u201d tracks (1,600 mm gauge) were used. As a result, military and civilian goods had to be transferred at state borders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Albury_Station\"><\/span>Albury Station<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Between 1938 and 1941, freight traffic in Albury had already risen from 25,000 to 123,000 tons. Due to its strategic importance, the armed forces had \u201ceffectively requisitioned the station for the duration of World War II.\u201d Rotating groups from the 8AEC were tasked with the loading operations. To allow two trains to stand in line at Albury and be loaded and unloaded, the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34223'>platform in Albury<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[54]  Wikipedia on <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albury_railway_station\">Albury Station<\/a>. Accessed on July 20, 2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> was extended by 66 meters to a length of 455 meters \u2013 the longest platform in Australia. In Woodonga, the next station and the first in the state of Victoria, livestock was transferred.<br><br>In Albury, the unit was housed in tents at the Albury East Racecourse. There were no horse races during the war; the racetracks, with their large open spaces, were therefore used by the military to set up large numbers of tents.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/AlburyStation2023_Dehn.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-32750 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/AlburyStation2023_Dehn.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/AlburyStation2023_Dehn-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/AlburyStation2023_Dehn-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Albury Station 2023: There is no trace left of its former importance. Photo: Dehn.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9ENot_a_home_away_from_hom%E2%80%9C\"><\/span>\u201eNot a home away from hom\u201c<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201eIn the winter of \u201943 our tents were pitched on the once grassy expanse of Albury Showgrounds. The site was not a home away from home,\u201c <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34226'>Bern Brent<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[55]  Bern Brent \"The Long and the Short and the Tall\"; in Dunera News No. 36, pages 11f.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Gerd Bernstein) revalled. \u201eThe nights were cold and wet and the ground muddy. The only semi-permanent structure served as a mess during the day and as a recreation hut in the evening. Every night it filled with a raucos collection of off-duty-men, mostly from another Employment Company. Cigarette smoke wafted from the ceiling as they played poker, pontoon, crown-and-anchor, and Rickety Kate.\u201c<br><br>Leisure activities were, of course, few and far between in the small town of <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34235'>Albury<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[56]  Wikipedia on <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albury_railway_station\">Albury<\/a>. Accessed on July 20, 2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, which had a population of barely 14,000 during the war. Bern Brent: \u201eFor everyone with an evening&#8217;s leave pass there was little to do in town. There were the pictures, there was the Terminus Hotel, and there was the only open at night, the hamburger shop in Dean Street. It was a case of early-to-bed and early-to-rise fore most of us.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tocumwal_Station\"><\/span>Tocumwal Station<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A similar border situation existed in <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34238'>Tocumwal<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[57]  Wikipedia on <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tocumwal\">Tocumwal<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tocumwal_railway_station\">Tocumwal Station<\/a>, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tocumwal_houses\">Tocumwal houses<\/a>. Accessed on July 20, 2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, about 150 kilometers west of Albury. As in Albury, the Murray River forms the border there. In this small town, which belongs to New South Wales, military service was just as difficult and recreational opportunities were by no means better, even though a military airfield operated there from 1942 to 1944. After the war, 200 houses built for the military and their families were dismantled and reassembled in Canberra to house workers for the new capital. For an extended period, several hundred men were stationed in Albury and Tocumwal, and Captain Broughton was compelled to relocate his headquarters to Tocumwal.<br><br>Tocumwal has fewer than 3,000 residents today; passenger trains no longer stop there.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"652\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Tocumwal_Station_Dehn.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-33739 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Tocumwal_Station_Dehn.png 1000w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Tocumwal_Station_Dehn-300x196.png 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Tocumwal_Station_Dehn-768x501.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A freight train at the Tocumwal station. The historic building houses a railroad museum. Photo: Dehn.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_tragic_swimming_accident\"><\/span>A tragic swimming accident<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On December 30, 1943, a tragic accident occurred: In Tocumwal, soldiers <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/ulrich-laufer-and-max-schwarz\/\">Ulrich Laufer (20) and Max Schwarz (26)<\/a> of the 8th Employment Company drowned in the Murray River while swimming on a hot summer evening. Captain Broughton and several soldiers were only able to recover the body of Max Schwarz. The Dunera Boy and army comrade Walter Pollak, who like Max Schwarz was from Vienna, recalled a later <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25184'>conversation<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[58]  Walter Pollak \u201eCaptain E.R.M. Broughton\u201c in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.duneraassociation.com\/duneranews\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dunera News no. 24<\/a> (June 1992), page 7, retrieved on 16.11.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> with the C.O. about the two comrades:<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">&#8220;This accident affected me more than I can tell you. Two young men who went through the trauma of beeing torn from their families as youngsters, shipped off to a strange country, interned for 2 1\/2 years and finally, before getting to know the beauty of life, ended up as 2 bloated corpses on the river banks.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Turnover\"><\/span>Turnover<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The war diary provides insight into personnel turnover in the 8th Employment Company. Only a few men were transferred \u2014 and not to combat units. As early as May 6 and 7, 1942, <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34310'>three discharges<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[59]  War diary, 1\/3.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> were recorded without names or reasons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Transfers\"><\/span>Transfers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In response to a call in November 1943 for <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34247'>Italian interpreters<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[60]  War diary, 7\/77.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in prisoner-of-war camps, about ten \u201caliens\u201d from the 8AEC volunteered. They were transferred to the 23rd Garrison Battalion in Murchison (near Tatura).<br><br>Doc Sternberg, a film producer in civilian life, was transferred to <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34250'>NEFIS<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[61]  Wikipedia on <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Netherlands_East_Indies_Forces_Intelligence_Service\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NEFIS<\/a>. Accessed on May 8, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in February 1944. This was a unit of the Dutch intelligence service stationed in Melbourne, where he was able to apply his skills to the production of <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34253'>propaganda films<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[62]  Kurt Sternberg's military file, NAA.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <br><br>Fourteen Germans and Austrians from Employment Companies, including eight soldiers from the 8AEC, had volunteered to participate in the Army\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/guinea-pigs\/\">malaria experiments<\/a>. A first group was transferred to Cairns on December 8, 1944, \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34256'>as Malaria Volunteers<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[63]  War diary, 9\/138.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.\u201d The volunteers saw their risky participation as the opportunity to make a greater impact in the fight against the Axis powers than they could as labor soldiers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"574\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/8AEV_5erGruppe_JMA.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-33742 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/8AEV_5erGruppe_JMA.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/8AEV_5erGruppe_JMA-300x215.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/8AEV_5erGruppe_JMA-768x551.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Laborers: Alfred Broch, Walter Hofstaedter (one of the <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-youngest-dunera-boys\/\">youngest internees<\/a>), Heinz Altschul, Viktor Gussmann, Gerhard Sonnewald (from left). Source: Donated by Jimmy King to the Jewish Museum of Australia, Melbourne (No. 4436).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, requests for transfer to the front lines were regularly denied. The war diary contains, among other things, <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34260'>two lists<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[64]  <span class=\"content\">War diary, 4\/18, 4\/32.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> from January 1943 listing the names od seven and five men, respectively, whose requests were denied.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Discharges_into_civilian_life\"><\/span>Discharges into civilian life<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cMedically unfit\u201d were the most common cause of discharges during the unit\u2019s first two years.<br><br>Even in the early days of the Employment Company, there were numerous requests to switch to civilian occupations. The <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34263'>headquarters<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[65]  War diary, 1\/13, 1\/14.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> responsible for internees and prisoners of war explicitly stated as much as early as May 1942:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"983\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/1944_Albury_DehnHeinz.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2267\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/1944_Albury_DehnHeinz.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/1944_Albury_DehnHeinz-300x295.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/1944_Albury_DehnHeinz-768x755.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Work break at Albury Station: Heinz Dehn (<em>second from right<\/em>) and unidentified comrades. Photo: Harry Jay. (Dehn family archive).<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">&#8220;\u2026 that only after exhaustive inquieries by the High Command will perssion to transfer from this unit be given. As a matter of routine applications for transfers will not be entertained. The only alternative to the Labour Unit is re-internment.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This \u201cmust on no account be misconstrued as a threat,\u201d Broughton reassured the agitated crowd the next day; requests for discharge to civilian employment could be submitted to the company office.<br><br>There were, however, exceptions: For example, Lance Corporal <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/leon-gottlieb\/\">Leon Gottlieb<\/a> was discharged in November 1944 to support Australia\u2019s war effort as an engineer in the \u201cArmored Fighting Vehicles\u201d sector.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On June 1, 1943, the rejection of another application for discharge to civilian employment was reported. On the other hand, on June 4, two men were discharged to \u201cnational industry.\u201d On November 30, 1943, it was noted: \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34266'>Pte Ansbacher<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[66]  <span class=\"content\">War diary, 6\/7, 6\/10, 7\/66.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> marches out for release to become Minister of the Jewish Community at Hobart \/ Tas.\u201d<br><br>Large-scale demobilizations did not begin until 1944.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Discipline_Punishments_Court-Martial\"><\/span>Discipline, Punishments, Court-Martial<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many of the \u201calien\u201d conscripts were fundamentally critical of\u2014or even opposed to\u2014military customs, and not just once they arrived in Australia. Blind obedience was often rejected. During his military career, Captain Broughton had certainly never encountered a unit where, \u201cwhen he gave an order, the reply inevitably came back, \u201a<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34269'>Why?<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[67]  Bartrop, \u201cEnemy Aliens,\u201d op. cit., p. 140.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2018\u201d noted Australian historian Paul R. Bartrop.<br><br>As a result, many punishments were handed down for insubordination, unauthorized absence, or rude remarks to superiors. It seems, however, that Captain Broughton, whenever possible, settled for minor punishments. He often responded to complaints by suspending leave for a few days up to two weeks or by imposing small fines, which were announced in the company routine orders.<br><br>When it came to disciplinary matters, two men stood out for receiving particularly frequent punishments. Broughton sentenced a German man to imprisonment on <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34272'>multiple occasions<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[68]  War diary, 7\/61.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, including a 28-day sentence in November 1943. A <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34275'>court-martial<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[69]  War diary, 5\/22, 7\/77.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> even sentenced an Italian man to two months\u2019 imprisonment for \u201cillegal possessions.\u201d The Italian was already no stranger to military prison; because he had threatened two German NCOs with murder when they admonished him to behave while he was on the back of a moving truck, he spent 14 days behind bars.<br><br>Broughton\u2019s successor, Major Lotherington, took a much harsher approach whenever he found a reason to do so. In 1944 and 1945, he occasionally published lists of \u201cpunishments.\u201d In some cases, multiple penalties were imposed. By the end of 1944, it almost seemed as though one man was being punished every day (primarily for unauthorized absence) with suspension of leave, fines, or pay cuts. This reached a peak when <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34278'>16 punishments<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[70]  <span class=\"content\">War diary, 9\/48, 9\/180, 9\/216.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> were announced each on August 25, 1944, January 25, 1945, and February 14, 1945.<br><br>Another case documents how Lotherington sought to enforce blind obedience. On May 10, 1945 (two days after the Nazi Wehrmacht\u2019s surrender), the 23-year-old soldier M. J. Levin was sentenced by a court-martial to 28 days\u2019 imprisonment and a fine of five pounds. He had <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34281'>complained in writing to the C.O. about a lieutenant<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[71]  Military file M.J. Levin, NAA_ItemNumber7598097.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>: \u201cIn this unit I am beeing treated like a school boy, herded about the parade ground by a professional officer whose only ambition in life seems to be bigger and better wars.\u201d<br><br>Later, under the command of Major Sugden, punishments were handed down on a fairly regular basis. The exception was the punishment of <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34284'>20 men<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[72]  War diary, 10\/143.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> for unauthorized absence on August 8, 1945.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Captain_Broughton_%E2%80%93_a_father_figure\"><\/span>Captain Broughton \u2013 a father figure<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">His soldiers spoke of their first C.O., Captain \u201cTip\u201d Broughton, with great fondness. Some met with him long after the war, and he was occasionally asked to serve as a best man. Much later, it was the Dunera Boys who ensured that he received a honoring headstone.<br><br>&#8220;Broughton became a <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34287'>father figure<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[73]  Myffanwy Bryant, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sea.museum\/en\/2016\/03\/04\/a-most-unexpected-friend\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A Most Unexpected Friend<\/a>,\u201d Australian National Maritime Museum blog, March 4, 2016. Accessed March 19, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> to many of the younger men. His guidance and encouragement went a long way to install hope to those who had lost everything and a tentative faith that they may have a future in Australia.&#8221;<br><br>On May 15, 1944, Captain Broughton\u2019s transfer from Tocumwal to Broadmeadows was reported, where he was demobilized. <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34291'>Major Lotherington<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[74]  War diary, 8\/112.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> took command of the 8AEC. As far as is known, his subordinates left no recollections of him or his successors.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"527\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Broughton_Spalier_ANMM_ANMS022-006.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-32499 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Broughton_Spalier_ANMM_ANMS022-006.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Broughton_Spalier_ANMM_ANMS022-006-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Broughton_Spalier_ANMM_ANMS022-006-768x506.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Soldiers from the 8th Employment Company form a guard of honor for their \u201cSkipper\u201d in 1943. Gift from Heinz Lippmann to the Australian National Maritime Museum, Sydney, No. ANMS022-006.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_End_of_the_8AEC\"><\/span>The End of the 8AEC<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The unit&#8217;s strength continued to decline: On December 31, 1944, the 8th Employment Company consisted of 8 officers and 442 enlisted men. <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34294'>A year earlier<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[75]  <span class=\"content\">War diary, 7\/46, 9\/142.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, there had been 7 officers and 511 other ranks. While the 8AEC&#8217;s enlisted ranks were further reduced over the course of 1945, the number of officers increased dramatically. As of August 4, 1945, C.O. Major Sugden commanded one captain and eleven lieutenants, but only <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34297'>402 men<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[76]  <span class=\"content\">War diary, 10\/171 ff., 10\/183.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<br><br>On October 20, 1945, Captain Boileau joined the 8AEC, initially as \u201c2 i\/c\u201d \u2013 deputy to the C.O. He took command of the 8AEC on November 17, 1945. However, he was not designated as C.O., but rather as \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34300'>Administering Command<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[77]  War diary, 10\/267.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>,\u201d i.e., administrative head. This gives the impression that his task was the disbandment of the 8th Employment Company. At the turn of the year 1945\/46, he commanded seven officers and only 316 soldiers and NCOs. On January 13, 1946, the headquarters of the 8AEC was relocated from Albury back to Camp Pell (Melbourne). On January 28, 1946, the unit still consisted of <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34303'>7 officers and 248 enlisted men<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[78]  <span class=\"content\">War diary, 10\/282, 10\/309.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<br><br>The entries in this war diary end on January 31, 1946. That cannot have been the end of the 8th Employment Company. Between February and September 1946, more than 50 of the approximately 125 \u201calien\u201d NCOs were discharged. Three non-commissioned officers were demobilized in the fourth quarter of 1946, and one as late as January 6, 1947. The records of these men list the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34306'>8th Employment Company<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[79]  Research by dunera.de based on military personnel files in the NAA. This does not include men from the 8AEC whose service ended after they were transferred to other units.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> as their last unit.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/lohde_8thCoyMarch_JMA.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"316\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/lohde_8thCoyMarch_JMA.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-25966 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/lohde_8thCoyMarch_JMA.jpg 250w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/lohde_8thCoyMarch_JMA-237x300.jpg 237w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sgt. Sigurd Lohde wrote the lyrics and music for \u201c8 Aust Employment Coy March.\u201d Courtesy of the Jewish Museum of Australia, accession no. 4466.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9CA_symbol_of_tolerance_and_decency%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>&#8220;A symbol of tolerance and decency&#8221;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">From April 1942 until the end of 1946, the 8th Employment Company had earned the respect of those with whom it worked. The <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34313'>Head of the Melbourne Docks<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[80]  <span class=\"content\">\u201eEdward Broughton. Soldier and Bookmaker\u201c in K. Inglis, et al \u201eDunera Lives \u2013 Profiles\u201c aao., p. 10.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> was one of the first to express his high regard for the men assigned to him:<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">&#8220;8 Labour Coy (Internee Alien) in a large measure is composed of men quite unused to heavy manual labour. Craftsmen and professional men are in large proportion. Many are unfitted by age and condition for manual work&#8230; They have, however, throughout the three months&#8230; under Docks control, given willing and obedient service, superior to that given by any Australian unit&#8230; The sickness rate is higher than usual, attributable to the men being unaccustomed to open-air life and manual labour. They eagerly offer for technical work of any sort &#8230; they make up in diligence and pleasant obedience for their lack of physical strength&#8230; &#8220;<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In April 1943\u2014the Eighth had been active for a year\u2014the Army magazine \u201cSalt\u201d summarized its <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34317'>impression of the \u201caliens\u201d<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[81]  \u201cSalt,\u201d op. cit., pp. 36\u201339, quoted from Bartrop\/Eisen, op. cit., pp. 365 ff.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>:<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">&#8220;There is no grim glory about it, but it is hard, back-breaking, monotonous \u2013 loading and unloading on docks, at depots and dumps. (\u2026) To these men their Australian uniform is a symbol of tolerance, decency. Australian and Australians have received their flagging faith in mankind. We can be proud of them.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In late November 1943, by contrast, the top brass of the Australian <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34327'>Army Command<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[82]  Circular from the Quartermaster General dated November 29, 1943, in War diary, op. cit., 7\/102.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> emphasizes, that the Employment Companies are<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">&#8220;serving their contry in a most unspectacular role, are carrying out important and often very strenuous work, without which the many arms of the Forces could not properly function.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Plans_for_Future_places_for_Future\"><\/span>Plans for Future, places for Future<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By the end of 1945, <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34321'>785 former Dunera internees<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[83]  <span class=\"content\">Bartrop \u201eEnemy Aliens\u201c op. cit., p. 142.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> remained in Australia. 368 were serving in the army, and 417 had found civilian work. Well over 300 men from the 8AEC had applied for Australian citizenship. Many <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34324'>naturalization certificates<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[84]  See NAA, personnel files.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> were issued while they were still on active duty, and most received them by the end of 1946 at the latest.<br><br>However, the future plans of the now former soldiers of the 8th Employment Company varied greatly. Some traveled to Germany or Austria as soon as possible. They wanted to help build an anti-fascist society. For many, returning to the country where they had been threatened and where their families had been murdered was a nightmare. Their destinations were often countries where relatives lived\u2014primarily the U.S. and England, but also Palestine. Corporal <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/dr-ernst-wasser\/\">Ernst Wasser<\/a> went to join his family in Brazil in 1948; in 1958, they moved to West Berlin. The writer Walter Kaufmann, an Australian citizen married to an Australian woman, went to the GDR in 1955. <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/heinz-dehn\/\">Heinz Dehn<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/franz-lebrecht\/\">Franz Lebrecht<\/a> had exercised their right to permanent residence in Australia until 1957 and 1959, respectively, and then moved to West Berlin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Nations_Ingratitude\"><\/span>The Nation&#8217;s Ingratitude<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No sooner had the Employment Companies been founded than Australia\u2019s far-right began to emerge as a divisive force in the collective efforts to defend the country. A series of letters to the editor in the newspaper \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34703'>The Age<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[85]  \u201cThe Age,\u201d March 14, 1942, cited in June Factor, \u201cForgotten Soldiers,\u201d op. cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d reveals a desire that<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u2018these people &#8230; should be supplied with a uniform entirely different and distinct \u2026 [from] our fighting forces\u2019 uniform\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This xenophobia even extended into official military service. For example, the following entry appears in the war diary of the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34708'>33. Employment Company<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[86]  33 Employment Company, War diary, January-June 1944, Australian War Memorial 22\/1\/41.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> from early 1944:<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">&#8220;Advice was received today that \u2026 this Unit has been redesignated the 33 Australian Works Company. This has removed, to some extent, the stigma of being in the same category as Alien Employment Coys and when our new color patch is issued everyone will be much more satisfied.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition, the Australian authorities struggled to remove the stigmatizing label of \u201cenemy aliens\u201d from the men of the 8th Australian Employment Company and treat them as equals. It was not until February 1944 that they were granted the status of \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34331'>refugee aliens<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[87]  <span class=\"content\">Bartrop \u201eEnemy Aliens\u201c op. cit., p. 140.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d, which more accurately reflected their situation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Xenophobia_and_anti-Semitism_as_official_doctrine_once_again\"><\/span>Xenophobia and anti-Semitism as official doctrine once again?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nevertheless, it seems that \u201ctolerance and decency\u201d came to an end after the war. The fact that <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34334'>21 labor soldiers<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[88]  A list of 19 names (17 from the 8th and 2 from the 6th Employment Company). In NAA_ItemNumber4938132, page 29. A list of 20 names in the same document, page 19.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> were discharged from the army so they could continue their external studies directly at universities brought to light the xenophobia of some ultra-conservative politicians. In March 1946, they claimed in the Australian Parliament that soldiers from the Employment Companies were thereby being given preferential treatment over <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34338'>1,350 Australian soldiers<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[89]  Representative Beazley cited the figure in Parliament on March 29, 1946. Minutes in NAA_ItemNumber4938132, page 17.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.G. Bowden (Country Party) publicly shamed Lance Corporal <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34343'>Walter Wuerzburger<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[90]  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wurzburger.org\/\">Walter W\u00fcrzburger<\/a> (1914\u20131955) studied composition and clarinet at the Melbourne Conservatory. In 1950, he moved to the United Kingdom. Accessed May 8, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> by name, whom the British had deported to Australia from Singapore <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/from-singapore-under-british-protection\/\">to Australia under false pretenses<\/a>. The 32-year-old would take spots away from Australians at the Melbourne Conservatory. Bowden claimed that the status of the former internees as \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34346'>stateless persons<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[91]  Minutes of the House of Representatives, March 29, 1946, p. 3 ff.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d was allegedly not recognized by Australian authorities. In fact, this term appears on every naturalization certificate issued to former internees. Bowden embellished this \u201cfake news\u201d with Nazi vocabulary:<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">&#8220;If it is here applied to the members of the <em>Jewish race<\/em> (emphasis dunera.de) who left their own country, either voluntarily or compulsorily, in order to escape prosecution, it can have nor force to-day, because the tyranny which drove them our no longer exists.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Of course, Bowden and his party colleagues were aware of the facts: they knew that the Nazis had stripped all \u201cemigrated\u201d Jews of their citizenship. As a result, these people became \u201cstateless\u201d in their home countries (and presumably in Australia as well). They knew that these people had neither come to Australia voluntarily nor were they being detained there. Formally, they were internees, not prisoners. Which is why no \u201ctime spent in detention\u201d may be deducted from the residency period required for naturalization.<br><br>Apart from that, of the 20 named Employment Soldiers (18 from the 8AEC, two from the 6AEC), <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34349'>five were already Australian citizens<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[92]  Rresearch of dunera.de based on military personnel files at the NAA.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> at the time of the debate in late March 1946; another 13 were granted citizenship by October 1946. Bowden\u2019s stance was clear: \u201cMembers of the Jewish race\u201d and other foreigners have no place in \u201c99.1 percent British\u201d white Australia and at whose universities.<br><br>Bowdens party leader McEwan demagogically jumped to his defense:<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">&#8220;Are we to regard it as an act of generosity on the part of aliens who came to this country for asylum that they should be willing to work?&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So is it not worth a single word of thanks that the men of the Employment Companies\u2014especially those deported to Australia\u2014ensured that the soldiers at the front and the civilian population were provided with everything they needed? To quote these arrogant, xenophobic politicians, is an \u201cact of generosity.\u201d<br><br>These facts did not fit into the narrative of the covert anti-Semites and proponents of the \u201cWhite Australia Policy.\u201d The fact that Bowden still referred to the soldiers of the 8AEC as \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34352'>aliens of enemy origin<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[93]  Letter from Bowden to Secretary of War Forde, March 27, 1946. In NAA_ItemNumber4938132, page 35.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d on March 26, 1946 is, moreover, an insult of the worst kind to all victims of Nazi persecution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9CIt_is_bitterly_ironical_%E2%80%A6%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>&#8220;It is bitterly ironical \u2026&#8221;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Because the labor soldiers were not allowed to fight, they were also subjected to defamation: The <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34355'>RSL veterans\u2019 organization<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[94]  The Returned and Services League of Australia (RSL) is Australia's largest organization dedicated to supporting veterans since World War I.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> denied them membership on the grounds that they had not served outside Australia.<br><br>&#8220;As \u201aaliens\u2018 they sometimes found it difficult to qualify for the post-war \u201are-establishment benefits&#8217; provided by a grateful nation to its defenders,&#8221; June Factor describes the situation Veterans were facing..<br><br>One example of such inconsistencies is the case of Corporal <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34359'>Wilhelm Wolfgang Lampl<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[95]  Military file of W.W. Lampl, NAA_ItemNumber6633480, pages 9\u201310.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, who served the country for four years in the 8th Employment Company. Because of his loan application under the Reconstruction Assistance Program, the relevant authority inquired with the military:<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">&#8220;Section A (1) (g) of the Re-establishment and Employment Act, 145, specifically excludes from the definition of \u201eMembers of the Forces\u201c enemy aliens who served in Labour Corps and the question which now arises ist wether the applicant was regarded by your Department as a friendly or enemy alien.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The army confirms that the applicant is indeed a foreigner with whom they are on friendly terms. This makes sense, since \u201cenemy aliens\u201d were not accepted into the army. The available records do not indicate how the matter was resolved.<br><br>Another example is the naturalization applications filed in early 1945 by Annie and Heinrich Portnoj, a couple deported onboard the <em><span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34362'>Annie and Heinrich Portnoj<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[96]  Personnel files of Heinrich and Annie Portnoj, NAA_ItemNumber7026171, NAA_ItemNumber769186.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>. Heinrich\u2019s application was delayed for a year before he was allowed to become an Australian citizen. The authorities would only process his wife\u2019s application after another year or upon her filing a new individual application immediately.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dont_let_them_drop_out_of_history\"><\/span>Don\u2019t let them drop out of history<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"414\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/8th_marching01_Connell.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-33768 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/8th_marching01_Connell.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/8th_marching01_Connell-300x124.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/8th_marching01_Connell-768x318.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> \u201cAliens\u201d on the logistics front for Australia and the shared goal of defeating fascism: The 8th Employment Company. Courtesy of Suzanne Connell.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June Factor quotes a letter dated December 1945 from the later Supreme Court judge <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16143'>J. V. Barry<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[97]  Don Watson, *Brian Fitzpatrick, A Radical Life*, Sydney 1979, p. 127. Cited in Factor, *Forgotten Soldiers*, op. cit., p. 6.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> to the then Minister for Immigration, Arthur Calwell: &#8220;It is bitterly ironical for the Commonwealth, which took advantage of their services, to adopt an attitude similar to that which our vanquished enemy would have taken up.&#8221;<br><br>Recognition for the men of the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16140'>work units<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[98]  The fact that this does not affect the 8AEC in particular is due to the cohesion of the Dunera Boys, their public relations work and the remembrance work of their descendants, which continues to this day, as well as historical research.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> did not come easily. Rather, it appears that the racist \u201cWhite Australia Policy\u201d after the World War once again dictated actions of authorities and governments after the war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to Factor, the fact that the 15,000 men of the Employment Companies, who toiled during the war to keep Australia\u2019s economy and military logistics running, \u201cdid not fall out of history\u201d is primarily due to thep 27 publications about the 8th Australian Employment Company. Today, this is upheld by the second-, third-, and fourth-generation descendants who preserve the memory of the internees and the research that keeps alive the memory of the internees of the Dunera and Queen Mary and the 8th Australian Employment Company.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-border-color is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-color:#d45847;border-width:4px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);box-shadow:var(--wp--preset--shadow--sharp);flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&#8220;First Victims of the Nazi madness, the men of this Australian Employment Company wear the Australian uniform pridefully, volunterily. This is their war as well as ours.&#8221; <\/em>(Army magazine &#8220;<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-34366'>Salt<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[99]  \u201cThey Don\u2019t Forget\u201d in Salt, Vol. 6, No. 4, April 26, 1943. Quoted in Dunera News, September 1985, pp. 11\u201312.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>,&#8221; 1943).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Please note:<\/strong> Unless otherwise specified, information regarding individual persons is drawn from the following sources: Digitized personnel files of internees and military personnel in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.naa.gov.au\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">National Archives of Australia<\/a>, the digitized war diary of the 8th Australian Employment Company at the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.awm.gov.au\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Australian War Memorial Archives<\/a>, and the \u201cNominal Rolls\u201d of the Australian Government\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/nominal-rolls.dva.gov.au\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Department of Veterans\u2019 Affairs<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-3e41869c wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button post-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-align-center wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/edward-broughton-soldier-and-bookmaker\/\">The \u201eSkipper\u201c Captain Broughton<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button post-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-align-center wp-element-button\">Part 1: The history<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button post-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-align-center wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-8th-employment-company-2\/\">Part 2: NCOs<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button post-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-align-center wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/guinea-pigs\/\">Part 3: Guinea pigs<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Footnotes\"><\/span>Footnotes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Please note:<\/strong> The war diary was made available by the Australian War Memorial in ten files designated AWM52 22-1-17-1. The final digit refers to the volume or file number in chronological order.<br><strong>Reading example:<\/strong> For simplicity, this is referred to here as \u201cWar Diary 4\/89\u201d\u2014which corresponds to page 89 in volume 4, i.e., file AWM52 22-1-17-4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>show<\/summary>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Starting in April 1942, the 8th Employment Company brought together more than 500 former internees who had been deported to Australia by the British.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":32831,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[981,188],"tags":[324,971,198,197],"class_list":["post-34034","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-8aec","category-history","tag-8th-australian-employment-company-en","tag-captain-e-r-m-broughton","tag-hmt-dunera-en","tag-holocaust-en"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34034","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=34034"}],"version-history":[{"count":98,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34034\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":34718,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34034\/revisions\/34718"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/32831"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34034"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=34034"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=34034"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}