{"id":29998,"date":"2026-03-15T15:30:00","date_gmt":"2026-03-15T14:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/x-commando-enemy-aliens-on-the-front-lines\/"},"modified":"2026-03-15T15:02:38","modified_gmt":"2026-03-15T14:02:38","slug":"x-commando-enemy-aliens-on-the-front-lines","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/x-commando-enemy-aliens-on-the-front-lines\/","title":{"rendered":"X Commando \u2013 Taking up Arms Against Fascism"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.elementor-1802 .elementor-element.elementor-element-13f34640{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;border-style:none;--border-style:none;--border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;--margin-top:0px;--margin-bottom:0px;--margin-left:0px;--margin-right:0px;--padding-top:60px;--padding-bottom:60px;--padding-left:5px;--padding-right:5px;}.elementor-1802 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.elementor-element.elementor-element-2672384 .elementor-button-content-wrapper{flex-direction:row-reverse;}.elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2672384 .elementor-button{font-family:\"Satoshi\", Sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:400;fill:var( --e-global-color-f898366 );color:var( --e-global-color-f898366 );background-color:#61CE7000;border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2672384 .elementor-button:hover, .elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2672384 .elementor-button:focus{color:var( --e-global-color-187c9d2 );}.elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2672384 .elementor-button:hover svg, .elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2672384 .elementor-button:focus svg{fill:var( --e-global-color-187c9d2 );}.elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2672384 > .elementor-widget-container{margin:5px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;--e-transform-translateY:10px;}\/* Start custom CSS for theme-post-title, class: .elementor-element-9084d7b *\/.swiper-heading h3:hover{\n    color: #D45847 !important;\n}\/* End custom CSS *\/\n\/* Start custom CSS for container, class: .elementor-element-561538b *\/.elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-561538b{\n    aspect-ratio: 1\/1\n}\n\n.elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-561538b:hover *{\n    color: #D45847 !important;\n}\n\n.elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-561538b{\n    max-width: 300px;\n}\/* End custom CSS *\/<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-29998 post-29998 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-no-3-troop-no-10-inter-allied-commando tag-x-commando\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">X Commando \u2013 Taking up Arms Against Fascism<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/x-commando-enemy-aliens-on-the-front-lines\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-24176 post-24176 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-australien-2 tag-nazis-in-tatura-en tag-queen-mary-internierte-2 tag-tatura-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A &#8220;Jewish Mutiny&#8221;?<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/a-jewish-mutiny\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-23737 post-23737 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-australia tag-lical-internees tag-nazis-in-tatura-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u201cThe German salute is your duty\u201d<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-german-salute-is-your-duty\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-23220 post-23220 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-arnold-bernstein-en tag-exil-en tag-holocaust-en tag-mv-abosso-en tag-ulrich-a-boschwitz-en tag-waroonga-en tag-westernland-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Three Ship Stories<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/three-ship-stories\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-21689 post-21689 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-australia tag-exil-en tag-exile tag-great-britain tag-internment tag-queen-mary-en tag-singapore tag-tatura-en tag-united-kingom\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&#8220;&#8230; hurts our very innermost&#8221;<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/hurts-our-very-innermost\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-21570 post-21570 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-deportation-en tag-gerhard-seefeld-en tag-italian-internees tag-queen-mary-en tag-singapore tag-tatura-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">From Singapore \u201cunder British protection\u201d<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/from-singapore-under-british-protection\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-20548 post-20548 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-arandora-star-en tag-arandora-star-en tag-australia tag-deportation-en tag-dunera-en tag-england-en tag-exil-en tag-holocaust-en tag-internment tag-italiener-2\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Arandora Star <br>Part 3<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/arandora-star-part-3\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-20087 post-20087 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-exil-en tag-felix-nussbaum-2 tag-holocaust-en tag-j-stamp tag-judenstempel-en tag-persecution tag-sweden tag-switzerland\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The &#8220;J&#8221;-Stamp<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-j-stamp\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-16216 post-16216 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-aktionsjuden-en tag-anti-semitism tag-buchenwald-concentration-camp tag-dachau-concentration-camp tag-faschism tag-franz-lebrecht-en tag-holocaust-en tag-judenaktion-en tag-night-of-broken-glass tag-pogrom-en tag-rath-jews tag-sachsenhausen-concentration-camp\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&#8220;Aktionsjuden&#8221;<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/aktionsjuden\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-15412 post-15412 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-bombay-en tag-exil-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-paretzkin-en tag-sonnenfeldt-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&#8220;Dumped&#8221; in Bombay<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/dumped-in-bombay\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-14851 post-14851 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-buchenwald-concentration-camp tag-dachau-concentration-camp tag-exil-en tag-leon-gottlieb-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&#8220;Sympathy and human kindness&#8221;<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/sympathy-and-human-kindness\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-8727 post-8727 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-australia tag-camp-hay-en tag-internment\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">An appeal made by internees<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/an-appeal-made-by-internees\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-14865 post-14865 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-8th-australian-employment-company-en tag-australia tag-internment tag-paul-r-bartrop tag-white-australia-policy\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&#8220;99,1 per cent british&#8221;<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/991-per-cent-british\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-11996 post-11996 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-aktionsjuden-en tag-buchenwald-concentration-camp tag-csr-en tag-dachau-concentration-camp tag-holocaust-en tag-munich-agreement tag-neville-chamberlain-en tag-sachsenhausen-concentration-camp\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The \u201eFall Gr\u00fcn\u201c<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-fall-gruen\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10633 post-10633 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-abraham-flieder-en tag-buchenwald-concentration-camp tag-holocaust-en tag-jews-from-poland tag-judenaktion-en tag-polenaktion-en tag-zbaszyn-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The &#8220;Polenaktion&#8221;<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-polenaktion\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10153 post-10153 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-buchenwald-concentration-camp tag-dachau-concentration-camp tag-exil-en tag-leon-gottlieb-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&#8220;Two Years in Nazi concentration camps&#8221;<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/two-years-in-nazi-concentration-camps\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-12689 post-12689 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-british-deportations category-history tag-arandora-star-en tag-churchill-en tag-deportations tag-exil-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-united-kingom\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">British deportations<br>Part 1<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/british-deportationspart-2-2\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-12555 post-12555 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-british-deportations category-history tag-arandora-star-en tag-churchill-en tag-deportations tag-exil-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-united-kingom\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">British deportations<br>Part 2<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/british-deportationspart-2\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-12910 post-12910 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-british-deportations category-history tag-arandora-star-en tag-churchill-en tag-deportations tag-exil-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">British deportations<br>Part 3<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/british-deportationspart-3\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-12081 post-12081 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-arandora-star-en category-history tag-arandora-star-en tag-australia tag-dunera-en tag-exil-en tag-holocaust-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Arandora Star<br>Part 1<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/arandora-starpart-1\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-12387 post-12387 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-arandora-star-en category-history tag-arandora-star-en tag-australia tag-dunera-en tag-exil-en tag-holocaust-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Arandora Star <br>Part 2<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/arandora-star-part-2\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-prev\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Previous\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-chevron-left\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M646 125C629 125 613 133 604 142L308 442C296 454 292 471 292 487 292 504 296 521 308 533L604 854C617 867 629 875 646 875 663 875 679 871 692 858 704 846 713 829 713 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from \u201cenemy aliens\u201d for the first time. To this end, recruits were sought among the \u201calien\u201d labor soldiers of the Auxiliary Military Pioneer Corps. This step was taken primarily because of their native language and knowledge of the customs, culture, etc. of the countries on the continent that were to be liberated from the Nazis. The largest language group in the \u201cNo. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando,\u201d which was mainly made up of emigrants, was the Germans and Austrians of \u201cNo. 3 Troop.\u201d The unofficial name \u201cX Commando,\u201d which was not used within the unit, is said to have been coined by Winston Churchill. Based on the research for this article, the group of five Dunera Boys mentioned by name in memoirs can be expanded to nine. This article is intended to commemorate them.<\/p>\n<cite>Peter Dehn, March 2026<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><br>During World War II, thousands of \u201cenemy aliens\u201d \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/british-deportationspart-2-2\/\">refugees<\/a> from enemy countries \u2013 served in the British Army. &#8220;In total, there were around 10,000 <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30042'>German members of the British armed forces<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[1]  Peter Leighton-Langer, \u201cUnter den ersten in der Normandie\u201d (Among the first in Normandy) in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, October 14, 1996, quoted from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.duneraassociation.com\/no-38-dunera-news-feb-1997-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dunera News No. 38<\/a>, page 6f, accessed on January 11, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> during the war years, and for a time the British Army had seventeen independent engineer companies, each with 300 men, consisting either exclusively or for the most part of Germans. Around 700 German women also served in the fourteen Allied Volunteer Platoons of the Auxiliary Territorial Service, the army&#8217;s female auxiliary organization. In addition, there were the pioneer companies of the airborne divisions, in which up to 40 percent of the personnel were German, and thousands of individual Germans who fought in all branches of the army, on navy ships, and in the air.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Australia_Unarmed_labor_service\"><\/span><strong>Australia: Unarmed labor service<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>First, let&#8217;s take a look at the situation in Australia at the beginning of 1942: After the Japanese attack on <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-27859'>Pearl Harbor<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[2]  Japan entered the war with the attack on <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Angriff_auf_Pearl_Harbor\"><u>Pearl Harbor<\/u><\/a> on December 7, 1941, accessed on August 25, 2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> on December 7, 1941, and the bombing of the northern Australian city of <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-27864'>Darwin<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[3]  Wikipedia on the <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luftangriffe_auf_Australien_von_1942_bis_1943\"><u>air raids on Australia<\/u><\/a>, accessed on 25 August 2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> on February 19, 1942, conscription was stepped up. To compensate for the resulting labor shortage, the army set up 39 labor companies. Eleven of these units were <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30048'>staffed with \u201caliens,\u201d<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[4]  \u201eEmployment and Works Companies \u2013 RAE WW2\u201c,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vwma.org.au\/explore\/units\/3437\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Virtual War Memorial Australia<\/a>, abgerufen am 10.1.2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> many of whom had been living Down Under for a long time.<br><br>The men from the <i>Dunera<\/i> and <i>Queen Mary<\/i> who were still in the internment camps in the spring of 1942 were offered voluntary enlistment in the army with the prospect of subsequent <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-11864'>citizenship<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[5]  Cf. Note from the Adjudant-General to the Australian Parliament, March 29, 1946. National Archives of Australia (NAA), NAA_ItemNumber4938132, sheet 28, paragraph d.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. By April 1942, more than 620 internees volunteered. Those who were accepted were released from internment and incorporated into the 8th Australian Employment Company, which was formed specifically for them. Their tasks mainly included loading work at railway stations and in ports. &#8220;We are defending the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30062'>70th defense line<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[6]  Lebrecht, Franz, \u201eBericht \u00fcber Erlebnisse w\u00e4hrend der Zeit des Dritten Reiches, - u.a. aus 4 Konzentrationslagern\u201c (Report on experiences during the time of the Third Reich, - including 4 concentration camps) from April 10, 1960, Wiener Library, London, page 27.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#8221; Lance Corporal <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/franz-lebrecht\/\">Franz Lebrecht<\/a> later quipped, because he and many of his comrades would have preferred to fight the Nazis with weapons in their hands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Back_to_England\"><\/span><strong>Back to England<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>About a year earlier, most of the Australian internees had experienced a similar fate when <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-29717'>Major Julian Layton<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[7]  Letter of Authority for Major J.D. Layton, from Herbert Morrisson, Home Secretary, United Kingdom, vom 28.1,1941. Vgl. Paul R. Bartrop, Gabrielle Eisen, \"The Dunera Affair\", Seite 86.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, acting on behalf of the British Home Office, had arranged for them to travel to England by ship in the spring of 1941 and subsequently released them for service. In most cases, this involved voluntary enlistment in the Alien Corps of the Auxiliary Military Pioneer Corps (A.M.P.C.). Others were to take up war-related work on the British Isles. The prerequisite was a willingness to accept the risks of sea travel during the war. Here, too, the prospect of British citizenship was used as an incentive. For many internees, unarmed labor service in the A.M.P.C. was an opportunity to contribute to the defeat of the Nazi regime. For some, it was also a way to reunite with their families in England<br><br>The transports began in <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30066'>June 1941<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[8]  Carol Bunyan, List of transports to England, in Dunera Lives. A Visual History by Ken Inglis et al., Melbourne 2018, page 518.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. The <em>Stirling Castle<\/em> brought around 400 German, Austrian, and Italian internees on the fifth transport to Liverpool on November 28, 1941. This passenger list explicitly identifies 298 of the Germans and Austrians, including the later X Commando men Hans Guttmann and Gerhard Nell, as \u201cex-internees, returning to join the Pioneer Corps.\u201d Passenger lists for other transports do not highlight this. With the second transport, for example, Andreas Carlebach, who will be mentioned later as well, arrived in Liverpool on July 31, 1941. On board the <em>Themistocles <\/em>were <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30070'>58 comrades<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[9]  List of passengers via ancestry.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> from the internment camp.<br><br>By the end of 1942, a total of <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30073'>1,072<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[10]  List of passengers loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> German and Austrian Dunera Boys had been able to return to England. The 36 German and Austrian and eight Italian internees on board the <em><em><a href=\"\/en\/?p=23220\">Abosso<\/a><\/em><\/em>, among them the writer <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/ulrich-a-boschwitz\/\">Ulrich Boschwitz<\/a>, fell victim to a torpedo attack by U-575 on October 8, 1942. The other ten transports reached their destination ports of Liverpool and Southampton unscathed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-border-color is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-color:#d45847;border-width:4px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);box-shadow:var(--wp--preset--shadow--sharp);flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u201cAliens\u201d in A.M.P.C.<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><em>&#8220;A <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30076'>foreign soldier<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[11]  Wolfgang Muchitsch, Mit Spaten, Waffen und Worten (With Spades, Weapons, and Words), p. 24, Vienna, 1992. Quoted from Recruiting Circular No. 2a, Central Office for Refugees, January 1940.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> is not deployed directly to the front; most remain in Great Britain; if they are sent to France as part of the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30080'>British Expeditionary Force<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[12]  Wikipedia on the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)\"><u>BEF<\/u><\/a>, accessed on January 20, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, they remain in the rear.<\/em><br><em>Like all soldiers, they receive a pay of 2 shillings per day.<\/em><br><em>The soldiers&#8217; wives receive 17 shillings per week plus additional money for each child. Half of the husband&#8217;s pay is paid to the wife.<\/em><br><em>The commitment is for the duration of the war. After the war, the future of each soldier will be decided according to his conduct and merits.&#8221;<\/em><br><br>What was the procedure in the case of those Jewish soldiers whose families had to remain in Nazi Germany or who were unmarried?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The majority of those interested were brought to England. After that, apart from transports to third countries, there were only four trips for around 60 German and Italian ex-internees until July 1945. Of the eight Germans and Austrians on board the <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/three-ship-stories\/\"><i>Waroonga<\/i><\/a>, two were killed when the convoy was torpedoed by six submarines in the North Atlantic on April 4, 1943. Three Italian comrades survived.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Equated_with_%E2%80%9Cscum%E2%80%9D\"><\/span><strong>Equated with \u201cscum\u201d<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The A.M.P.C. was created shortly after the start of World War II to reinforce the British engineering corps. Of course, the \u201caliens\u201d of the A.M.P.C. were met with resentment. The rather xenophobic official British policy, stimulated by ultra-right-wing newspapers, had declared all refugees \u2013 and especially those persecuted by the Nazis in Germany \u2013 to be suspects of Hitler&#8217;s \u201cfifth column.\u201d This had led to unjustified classifications and, as a result, to <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/british-deportationspart-2-2\/\">mass internments<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/british-deportationspart-2\/\">deportations<\/a> to Canada and Australia.<br><br>\u201cthere ist a <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30085'>marked disinclination<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[13]  Jewish Chronicle, October 13, 1939, page 10. Quoted from Steven Kern, \u201cJewish Refugees from Germany and Austria in the British Army 1939-45\u201d (doctoral thesis, <a href=\"https:\/\/eprints.nottingham.ac.uk\/12964\/1\/403319.pdf\"><u>University of Nottingham<\/u><\/a>), June 2004, page 128. Accessed on January 25, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> among the British authorities to employ (the refugees from Germany, dunera.de) in any military capacity,&#8221; comments British historian Steven Kern.<br><br>In addition, the Pioneer Corps had \u201cthe <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30089'>sad reputation<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[14]  Peter and Leni Gillman, Collar the Lot! How Britain interned and expelled its wartime refugees, London 1980, p. 257.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> of being the dumping ground of the British Army; it was once unkindly said that it was home to the entire dregs of humanity. It was the natural home of illiterates and former criminals; when the War Office agreed to accept internees, they were also sent there.\u201d<br><br>Officially, however, it was said that British and foreigners were treated equally in the army, although \u201caliens\u201d \u2013 as in Australia \u2013 were denied service with weapons.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-border-color is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-color:#d45847;border-width:4px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);box-shadow:var(--wp--preset--shadow--sharp);flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A. M. P. C. in the House of Commons<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><em>&#8220;On practice, despite many similarities in their experience, the refugee soldiers, nevertheless, were often singled our in some ways. This was a concequence of their Jewish religion, their alien status, and most impportantly, the fact that they had come from enemy nations.&nbsp; Their religion and alien status, led to some differences in treatment within the army vompared to that of gentile British soldiers; such discrimination, however, was not unique to the refugees. British Jews and refugees from neutral ort friendlc nations, such as France or Poland, werde sometimes treated by the War Office in a similar fashion to the enemy aliens<\/em>,<i><em>&#8220;<\/em><\/i> British historian Steven Kern summarizes the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30093'>situation until 1943<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[15]  Kern loc cit., p 132.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_the_beginning_was_Kitchener_Camp\"><\/span><strong>In the beginning was Kitchener Camp<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The renovation of the disused barracks \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/kitchener-camp\/\">Kitchener Camp<\/a><strong>\u201d <\/strong>in Richborough near Sandwich at the eastern exit of the English Channel was financed by the large amount of donations collected in Great Britain in the wake of Kristallnacht. From early 1939 to May 1940, up to 4,000 Jewish refugees were taken in. Most of them were <strong>\u201c<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/aktionsjuden\/\">Aktionsjuden<\/a>\u201d (action Jews), who had been released from concentration camps on condition that they leave Nazi Germany as quickly as possible and were waiting for visas to continue their journey to third countries. The camp was officially closed in May 1940, but a small group remained there and was now interned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>They, like the internees on the Isle of Man and in other camps, were offered the opportunity to join the A.M.P.C. In October 1939, Lord Reading, head of the A.M.P.C., found 750 men there who wanted to travel on within four months and 350 men who were too old or too young. \u201cOf the remaining 2,100 men, approximately 2,000 signed up for recruitment.\u201d By December 1939, the domestic intelligence service MI5 had cleared 300 applicants. The intelligence service then waived <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30098'>background checks<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[16]  Muchitsch loc cit., p 23, cited from \u201cI Understand the Risk\u201d by Norman Bentwich, London 1950, p 33.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> on applicants classified as <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/british-deportationspart-2-2\/\">Category \u201cC\u201d<\/a>.<br><br>According to other sources, 905 refugees from Kitchener Camp had already volunteered in January 1940, so that 600 men could initially be enlisted. First, <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30106'>five companies<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[17]  Peter Leighton-Langer, X steht f\u00fcr Unbekannt. Deutsche und \u00d6sterreicher in den britischen Streitkr\u00e4ften im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Berlin 1999, p. 27 (English edition \"The King's Own Loyal Enemy Aliens\").<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> of the A.M.P.C. were formed, each with 300 men. Their military careers began with training at Kitchener Camp and a neighboring camp near Richborough, designated as A.M.P.C. Training Center No. 3 (No. 3 PCTC). Another training location was Ilfracombe (Devonshire).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-border-color is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-color:#d45847;border-width:4px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);box-shadow:var(--wp--preset--shadow--sharp);flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"376\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/BirdwoodWilliam.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29476\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/BirdwoodWilliam.jpg 376w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/BirdwoodWilliam-226x300.jpg 226w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 376px) 100vw, 376px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"caption\">General W.R. Birdwood before 1920. Photo: Elliott and Fry via Wikipedia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u201eI am the first Field Marshal to be received and take salute from over 1.000 Germans and Austrians in British uniform.\u201c <\/em>(Field Marshal Lord Birdwood in January 1940 during the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30110'>inspection<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[18]  War Diary A.M.P.C. No. 3, January 15, 1940. Quoted from Muchitsch loc cit., page 35.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> of the first foreigners company (69th Company).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Those who did not want to join the military were interned on the Isle of Man, for example. Many were deported to Australia on the Dunera in July 1940. Around 150 men remained at Kitchener Camp, where the Ministry of Information set up an <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30114'>interception service<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[19]  Leighton-Langer loc cit., page 30.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. There, \u201c58 radio receivers were used to monitor all German stations around the clock and record important broadcasts on playback devices.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"England_Unarmed_labor_service\"><\/span><strong>England: Unarmed labor service<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"397\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/ampc.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29549\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/ampc.png 800w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/ampc-300x149.png 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/ampc-768x381.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"caption\">Sleeve patch of the A.M.P.C. Of the 2,405 <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30117'>foreign pioneer soldiers<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[20]  Muchitsch loc.cit., page 35, quoted from \u201cWar History of the Royal Pioneer Corps 1939-1945\u201d by Major E.H. Rhodes-Wood, Aldershot 1960, page 65.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, 1,091 came from Germany, 628 from Austria, and 228 were stateless. Image: Wikipedia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>The British government defended its <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30123'>refusal to arm<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[21]  Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State <a href=\"https:\/\/api.parliament.uk\/historic-hansard\/lords\/1941\/jul\/22\/aliens-in-the-pioneer-corps#:~:text=My%20Lords%2C%20enemy%20aliens%20are,so%20far%20been%20carried%20out\"><u>Lord Croft<\/u><\/a> on July 22, 1941, in the House of Lords, accessed on January 11, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> the \u201calien pioneers\u201d of the A.M.P.C. in July 1941 in the House of Lords:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201eMy Lords, enemy aliens are normally enlisted for service in the Pioneer Corps only. The rule governing transfers of all Army personnel is that transfers shall be in the interests of the Service. As aliens perform most useful work in the Pioneer Corps, there are few cases in which transfer to a combatant corps would be of any advantage to the Service. There is no absolute rule against such transfers, but applications are not encouraged, as only in very exceptional cases could they be granted. No such transfers have so far been carried out.\u201c<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Much later, there were \u201cfew cases in which transfer to a combat corps would be advantageous for service\u201d: it was probably only when long-term plans for an Allied offensive on continental Europe were made that the British High Command took \u201cenemy alien\u201d soldiers and their special skills into consideration. This was because native languages, dialects, and knowledge of regional characteristics could be just as useful in operations in the rear of the Nazi Wehrmacht as in conducting interrogations and acting as interpreters, as well as in quickly assessing the significance of captured documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Alien_pioneers_on_the_front_line\"><\/span><strong>Alien pioneers on the front line<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>Two of the first five A.M.P.C. companies were sent to the front near Le Havre in France in May 1940. They acted as \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30129'>The Feeders of the BEF<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[22]  \u201cThe Feeders of the BEF\u201d in \u201cThe Times\u201d dated April 8, 1940. Quoted from Muchitsch loc.cit., page 35.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>,\u201d bearing the burden of logistical support for the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). Because they were apparently the only troops there, they were unexpectedly given rifles and an ultra-short briefing. Fortunately, the rather unprepared men had no contact with the enemy. Even before their return to England, which was completed on June 13, 1940, they were &#8220;disarmed, which almost led to mutiny in one company. Instead of returning their rifles, the soldiers dropped their weapons on the ground. However, instead of being punished, they earned the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30135'>respect of their officers<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[23]  \u201eUnter den ersten in der Normandie\u201c loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.&#8221;<br><br>A certain degree of disrespect for the \u201calien\u201d soldiers on the part of the British authorities is probably also behind the following story: &#8220;The <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30138'>return of the foreigner companies<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[24]  \u201eGerman- and Austrian-Jewish Volunteers in Britain\u2019s Armed Forces 1939-1945\u201c, Leo Baeck-Institute Year Book XL 1995, page 29. quoted from\u00a0 Peter Leighton-Langer loc. cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> from France took place at about the same time as the internment of civilian enemy aliens, and the soldiers were outraged to find that their own relatives were among the internees. This led to great unrest, especially in the 88th Company. It is said that a new mutiny was only prevented by sending a senior official there who promised the soldiers that their relatives would be released immediately.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=WlHkO9bJvuM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"374\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/LiftYourHeadComerade_1942_Titel.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29484 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/LiftYourHeadComerade_1942_Titel.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/LiftYourHeadComerade_1942_Titel-300x224.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>The British propaganda film \u201cLift Your Head, Comrade\u201d was released in theaters in December 1942. The film begins with an armed parade in which soldiers from a pioneer unit with German names are called up. \u201cThey are absolutely loyal to our cause.\u201d The film suggests that \u201calien\u201d pioneers were principally trained in the use of weapons. The screenplay was written by refugee <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30143'>Arthur Koestler<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[25]  Brief information about the film on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/de\/title\/tt0185426\/fullcredits\/?ref_=tt_ov_ql_1\"><u>imdb<\/u><\/a>, accessed on February 1, 206. The film on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=WlHkO9bJvuM\"><u>YouTube<\/u><\/a>.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"No_3_Troop_Secret_Fighters\"><\/span><strong>No. 3 Troop: Secret Fighters<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando was formed on July 2, 1942, as a multinational unit. With 11 troops for Germans and Austrians, Dutch, Belgians, French, Norwegians, Danes, Poles, and Yugoslavs, No. 10 became the largest British commando unit in World War II.<br><br>Troop No. 3 comprised Germans, Austrians, and a few German speakers with roots in other countries. Most had been forced to leave their homes to escape <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30147'>anti-Semitic persecution<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[26]  Wikipedia on <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/No._10_(Inter-Allied)_Commando\"><u>No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando<\/u><\/a>, accessed on January 9, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> by the Nazis. \u201cWe all had very ordinary English names\u2014Andrews, Arlen, Kershaw, Masters,\u201d recalls <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30151'>Peter Masters<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[27]  Furthermore, the anglicized battle names of the soldiers are also given.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Peter Arany, &#8220;but hardly anyone spoke English without an accent. All the Poles who were undergoing training wore a sleeve patch with the word <i>Poland<\/i> on it, as did the French, Dutch, and Czechs. But the members of this strange group (the German speakers) wore badges of English regiments: The Queen&#8217;s Own, Buffs, Hampshires. Where on earth had the British Army picked up these <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30169'>weirdos<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[28]  Peter Masters, \u201cKommando der Verfolgten. 87 Elitesoldaten im Kampf gegen Hitler\u201d, Munich 1999, page 20 ((English edition: Striking Back: A Jewish Commando's War Against the Nazis).<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>?\u201c \u201dThe <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30159'>dog tags<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[29]  Ibid., blurb.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> also identified them as members of the Church of England.&#8221;<br><br>These legends as British citizens served as camouflage. For example, if they were captured, they could identify themselves as British (often as Welsh, due to their accent) and thus be protected from identification by the enemy as Jews or refugees. \u201cBecause they will be unknown warriors &#8230; they must perforce be considered an unknown quantity. Since the algebraic symbol for the unknown is X, we will call them X-Troop,\u201d <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30162'>Winston Churchill<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[30]  Ian Dear, Ten Commando, UK 1987, page 6, and Leighton-Langer, loc. cit., page 20.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> is credited as the creator of the unofficial name.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/BritishCommandoPatch.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29491 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/BritishCommandoPatch.png 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/BritishCommandoPatch-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>The distinguishing mark of British commando units in World War II. Photo: Wikipedia.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"301\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Insignien_10troop.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29487 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Insignien_10troop.png 800w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Insignien_10troop-300x113.png 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Insignien_10troop-768x289.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>Sleeve patches of the fighters from the CSR, Norway, and Poland. Photos: Commando Veterans Archive (montage: dunera.de).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Training_and_first_deployment_at_Dieppe\"><\/span><strong>Training and first deployment at Dieppe<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Under the command of Captain Bryan Hilton-Jones, training began in July 1942 for the first eight recruits, <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30174'>seven of whom came from the Pioneer Corps<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[31]  Klaus St\u00fcbiger, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.klaus-stuebiger.de\/deutsch-j%C3%BCdisch-britische-zeitgeschichte\/3-troop-10-ia-commando\/\"><u>Kurzgeschichte der Einheit<\/u><\/a>\u201d (<u>Short Story of Unity<\/u>) accessed on January 10, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. This took place under strict secrecy at Achnacarry (Scotland). The training included fitness, speed marching, weapons training, map reading, climbing, small boat handling, and demolition work by day and night. In May 1943, the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30182'>training<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[32]  Wikipedia on No. 10 (Unter-Allied) Commando loc. cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> continued on the Channel coast (including mountaineering and arctic warfare). Some of the troopers took part in a parachute training course near Manchester. They \u201cwere indeed by far the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30178'>most highly trained group<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[33]  Martin Sugarman \u201eNo 3 (\u201aJewish\u2018) Troop, No. 10 Commando\u201c (Nominal Roll).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commandoveterans.org\/sites\/www.commandoveterans.org\/files\/10Cdo_3troop_nom_roll_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Commando Veteran Org<\/a> (online), accessed on January 9, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in the British Army.\u201d<br><br>Five of the eight men in No. 3 Troop had already been assigned to Operation Jubilee in August 1942. The attack on Dieppe on August 18\/19, 1942, by 6,100 British and Canadian troops, initiated by Lord Mountbatten and planned with the participation of Ian Fleming, who later became famous for his James Bond novels, failed completely, resulting in heavy losses. Maurice Latimer (Moritz L\u00f6wy or Levy), George Lane (Georg Lanyi), three other comrades from X Commando, and others were unable to secure important documents \u201cand, if possible, a new <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30186'>German respirator<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[34]  Andrew Gumbel, \u201cRaid on Dieppe masked secret mission to steal Nazis' Enigma machine,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2021\/may\/09\/raid-on-dieppe-masked-secret-mission-to-steal-nazis-enigma-machine\"><u>The Guardian<\/u><\/a>, May 9, 2021, accessed January 10, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d (the Enigma coding machine). On the British side, there were <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30190'>1,179 dead and 2,190 prisoners<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[35]  Wikipedia on Operation \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Jubilee\"><u>Jubilee<\/u><\/a>\u201d and the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dieppe_Raid\"><u>Dieppe Raid<\/u><\/a>,\u201d accessed on January 10, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. The Wehrmacht reported 591 casualties.<br><br>&#8220;First, it hit the men of the elite Commando No. 3 unit: At exactly 3:47 a.m., their landing craft encountered a small German convoy traveling parallel to the coast. For safety reasons, both groups were sailing without position lights.\u201c The Germans may have been <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30194'>informed of the attack<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[36]  Johann Althaus, \u201cWarum die erste Invasion in Frankreich scheiterte\u201c (Why the first invasion of France failed), September 12, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dieppe_Raid\"><u>Die Welt online<\/u><\/a>, accessed January 10, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> and \u201dfought back with tracer ammunition, which suddenly lit up the coastal waters.&#8221; <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30198'>Three of the five<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[37]  \u201eKurzgeschichte der Einheit\u201c loc. cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> soldiers of X Commando did not return.<br><br>It was not until April 1943 that No. 3 Troop No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando reached its full planned strength. The 86 soldiers had been selected from 350 applicants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sicily_Normandy_Netherlands\"><\/span><strong>Sicily, Normandy, Netherlands<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Men from X Commando were often temporarily seconded to other units for special tasks. During the Allied landing in Sicily in July 1943, four men were assigned to Royal Marine Commandos 40 and 41. They were deployed as interrogators, interpreters, in intelligence, or as reconnaissance personnel, for example.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>On D-Day, the Allied landing in Normandy on June 6, 1944, almost all the men of No. 3 Troop were assigned to different groups. During an operation in the run-up to the landing, the first X Commando to be promoted to officer <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30201'>George Lane<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[38]  ibid.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Georg Lanyi, originally from Hungary) was taken prisoner. When questioned by Field Marshal Rommel, he responded so skillfully and with such typical British humor that Rommel ultimately even guaranteed his safety. &#8220;Lane&#8217;s Welsh accent and his legend withstood all tests, even during several mock Gestapo interrogations staged by the Wehrmacht.&#8221;<br><br>During the Battle of the Scheldt in early November 1944, No. 3 Troop was deployed, among other things, to capture the heavily fortified islands of Walcheren (Operation Infuate) and thus secure access to the deep-sea port of Antwerp. Other missions included the crossings of the Rhine at Wesel (Operation Plunder) on March 25, 1945, and the Aller in April 1945.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"350\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Commandos_bei_Vlissingen.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29575 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Commandos_bei_Vlissingen.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Commandos_bei_Vlissingen-300x210.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>British commando soldiers land at Vlissingen on the island of Walcheren. Image source: Europe Remembers Online (public domain).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30206'>After the end of the war<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[39]  ibid.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, members of X Commando supported the military intelligence service in interrogating arms manufacturers, war criminals from the SS and the Gestapo, and helped to expose &#8220;Werwolf&#8221; sabotage groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Second-class_British_citizens_despite_everything\"><\/span><strong>Second-class British citizens despite everything?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite their merits, commandos of foreign origin were apparently not automatically granted full British citizenship. When Ex-Dunera deportee Andrew Peter Carson (Peter Andreas Carlebach) married a British woman in 1944, she was immediately stripped of her British citizenship. The reason given was that her husband was &#8220;a citizen of a state at war with His Majesty&#8221;. &#8220;Miriam Rothschild for one, railed against the government for years about the hypocrisy that the XC Troopers had been sent to fight for the Crown but were not given full rights as British subjects until several years aftger the war ended,&#8221; so historian Leah Garrett on the treatment of X Troopers as <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-31432'>second-class British citizens<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[40]  Leah Garrett \"X Troop\", UK 2021, ISBN 97812529111613, Seiten 264\/265.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. On her estate at Ashton Wold (Northamptonshire), Dame Miriam Rothschild, a member of the Jewish banking dynasty, planted a grove in memory of the fallen soldiers of No. 3 Troop.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nine_Dunera_Boys_in_X_Commando\"><\/span><strong>Nine Dunera Boys in X Commando<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>An initial online search led, among other things, to Martin Sugarmans&#8217; list with <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-31458'>more than 100 names<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[41]  \u201eKurzgeschichte der Einheit\u201c loc. cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> of X Commando fighters. The dates of birth published there enabled a comparison with the digital Dunera personnel files of the National Archives of Australia (NAA). Former X Commandos Peter Leighton-Langer and Peter Masters recounted their experiences, anecdotes, and background stories in their memoirs. The historical works of Wolfgang Muchitsch and Ian Dear, as well as the websites of the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30209'>Commando Veterans Archive<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[42]  Commando Veterans Archive, section on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.commandoveterans.org\/10Commando3troop\"><u>10 Commando<\/u><\/a>, accessed on January 9, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> and Klaus St\u00fcbiger, provided valuable support. Further personal data was available on genealogy platforms such as ancestry.de.<br><br>Nine men were <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-31452'>confirmed<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[43]  See Garrett, op. cit., page 303, footnote 35.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> who, after returning from internment in Australia, served in the A.M.P.C., volunteered for the commando units and were transferred to X Commando.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Richard_Arlen_Pte_Richard_George_Abrahamowicz\"><\/span><strong><strong>Richard Arlen (Pte. Richard George Abrahamowicz)<\/strong><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>The former coach, welterweight boxer, and finalist in a European Youth Championship was born in Vienna on January 4, 1923. An inscription on the Bayeux Memorial commemorates him.<br><br>&#8220;With the same fierce determination that had carried him through to the eighth round of the European Youth Boxing Championship final despite a broken thumb, he now threw himself into training. <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30217'>During exercises<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[44]  Masters loc. cit., page 104.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, he paid no attention to the numerical ratios and attacked far superior fighters as a lone warrior.\u201c<br><br>\u201dThe day after the landing (in Normandy, dunera.de), fierce fighting took place within the village of Franceville-Plage. An unsuccessful attempt was made to end the fighting. Arlen went to the enemy positions under a white flag and unaccompanied and demanded their surrender, \u2018since there were three more divisions behind the British and any further fighting would be a waste of blood\u2019. This request was answered with machine gun fire and a counterattack. Arlen rushed back in anger, grabbed his submachine gun, and ran toward the position from which he had been fired upon. He was <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30220'>killed instantly<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[45]  Leighton-Langer loc.cit., p. 135. See also Masters loc.cit., p. 271.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile is-vertically-aligned-bottom\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/ArlenRichard.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29515 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/ArlenRichard.png 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/ArlenRichard-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/ArlenRichard-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>Richard Arlen. Photo: Commando Veterans Archive.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gotthard_Gerhard_Baumwollspinner_Pte_Robert_Gerald_Barnes\"><\/span><strong><strong><strong>Gotthard (Gerhard) Baumwollspinner (Pte. Robert Gerald Barnes)<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>The civil engineer was born on December 4, 1918, in Cottbus. From 1947, he worked in England as a draftsman. He died on December 14, 1984, in Great Broughton, Middlesborough. He was trained as a <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30225'>paratrooper<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[46]  Masters loc. cit., page 135.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> for deployment in Italy. Masters describes a situation during training:<br><br>\u201cBarnes, an engineer by profession, was assigned to this course as a Bren machine gunner, and I was his loader. We knew that we would have to clean our machine gun frequently because of the daily saltwater bands. Barnes maintained his weapon in an exemplary manner,\u201d <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30228'>Masters recalls<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[47]  Ibid., page 169.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. The story continues when an officer criticized oil marks on the machine gun. &#8220;You couldn&#8217;t talk to Barnes about his Bren like that. He stood even straighter than he had been standing before. &#8216;Sir, as the name suggests, the Bren machine gun is a machine. A machine must be lubricated \u2013 with oil. This oil must be wiped off before inspection. \u2018And?\u2019 &#8216;It&#8217;s a beautiful, warm day today, isn&#8217;t it, sir?\u2018 &#8216;Indeed it is.\u2019 &#8216;On days like this, the increased temperature causes a little oil to seep out of the pores of a properly oiled machine. If it remained dry, it would not have been properly oiled from the start, sir! The officer hastily took flight.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile is-vertically-aligned-bottom\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"494\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/A_member_of_No._9_Commando_at_Anzio_equipped_for_a_patrol_with_his_Bren_gun_5_March_1944._NA12469.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29497 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/A_member_of_No._9_Commando_at_Anzio_equipped_for_a_patrol_with_his_Bren_gun_5_March_1944._NA12469.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/A_member_of_No._9_Commando_at_Anzio_equipped_for_a_patrol_with_his_Bren_gun_5_March_1944._NA12469-300x296.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>A soldier from No. 9 Commando with a light Bren machine gun. Photo: Wikipedia.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30231'>Leighton-Langer<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[48]  Leighton-Langer, loc.cit., page 129.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> reports on the Partridge company north of Naples: \u201cIn the rocky hills where the 9th and 43rd Commando operated, Barnes, who was assigned to the 9th, was seriously wounded by a grenade launcher shell during an attack across open terrain on Monte Ornito. For this, he was awarded the British Empire Medal or the higher Medal of the Order of the British Empire.\u201d<br><br>His comrade Harold George <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30235'>&#8220;Nobby\u201d Kendall<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[49]  Masters loc.cit., page 195.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (G\u00fcnther Hans Knobloch) continues: \u201cI was at Monte Inga when Barnes was wounded \u2013 he had numerous wounds caused by the impact of a mortar shell.\u201d Kendall inquired about his comrade at the field hospital. &#8220;The corporal looked up in his worn notebook and pointed to a feeding trough on the wall, where a motionless figure wrapped in a gas cloak lay. \u2018Has he been treated yet?\u2019 I asked. \u2018Not yet,\u2019 replied the corporal. &#8216;Triage, you know. We have to treat those with the best chance of survival first.\u2018 &#8216;Please,\u2019 I said, \u2018he&#8217;s my buddy.\u2019 I stayed with him until we descended two days later \u2013 Barnes on a mule. (&#8230;) Barnes survived the war but was left severely disabled.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Andreas_Peter_Carlebach_Pte_Peter_Andrew_Carson\"><\/span><strong><strong><strong><strong>Andreas Peter Carlebach (Pte. Peter Andrew Carson)<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>Born in Berlin on October 27, 1919, the tea merchant identified as a Methodist. He married a British woman in 1944; they had three children. He died in Scotland on March 30, 2004.<br><br>The following is reported about <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30238'>abseiling on the cliffs<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[50]  Ibid., pages 158\/159.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> of the British Channel coast near the Seven Sisters near the town of Eastbourne: &#8220;When Andrew was lowered into the depths, as was customary for the leader of a squad, the rope cut off his air supply. Close to suffocation, he pulled out his commando folding knife and cut himself free. Carson, a quiet, serious athlete who smoked a pipe, played rugby, and seemed more British than most of us, had signaled his predicament. (&#8230;) No one knew exactly whether Carson had fallen fifteen or twenty meters. In any case, he lay motionless and bleeding at the foot of the Seven Sisters. We were all paralyzed with fear\u2014except for Gerald Nichols (Dunera Boy Gerhard Nell), who ran to him and picked him up. (&#8230;) Nichols carried Carson out into the surf and concentrated on keeping his balance as he waded out into the foaming dark water. He carefully placed Carson in the black dinghy and paddled out to the motorboat. (&#8230;) Miraculously, he survived, although he was never able to return to No. 3 Troop.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile is-vertically-aligned-bottom\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"587\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/CarsonAndrew.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29517 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/CarsonAndrew.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/CarsonAndrew-256x300.jpg 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>Peter Carson.  Photo: Commando Veterans Archive.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hans_Georg_Furth_Lt_Anthony_Firth\"><\/span><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Hans Georg F\u00fcrth (Lt. Anthony Firth)<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Documents from various institutions agree that his date of birth was September 7, 1918. However, Leipzig (NAA), Bamberg (Home Office), and Halle (Sugarman) are cited as his place of birth. Before his deportation to Australia, he was interned in the British camp at Kempton Park. In the UK, he listed his occupation as automotive engineer and export salesman looking for work, while in Australia he listed actor. Religion: Protestant. In the Australian <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30241'>Camp No. 8 Hay<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[51]  Dean loc.cit., page 41.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, \u201cFirth became involved in all aspects of show business in the camp, which proved very useful to him after the war.\u201d Among other things, he participated in the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-31445'>camp plays<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[52]  See Garrett, op. cit., pages 40\/41.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> &#8220;Journey&#8217;s End&#8221; and &#8220;The Importance of Being Earnest&#8221;. After the war, he went to Canada.<br><br><span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30244'>Masters<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[53]  Masters loc.cit., pages 40\/41.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> reports on an episode from F\u00fcrth&#8217;s recent time in Germany: &#8220;The principal of Hans Georg F\u00fcrth&#8217;s (Tony Firth) high school asked his mother not to send her best hockey goalkeeper away from Germany just yet \u2013 at least not before the end of the current championship. As the atmosphere became increasingly threatening, Mrs. F\u00fcrth sent him to England anyway, because her son&#8217;s life seemed more important to her than his previously undefeated team. Without Hans Georg in goal, the team was eliminated in the next round.&#8221;<br><br>He, too, was not spared an <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30248'>training accident<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[54]  Ibid., page 160.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. &#8220;When Toby Firth was hit on the head one day by a rock that had been torn loose by the rope moving above him, he even managed to turn the accident to his advantage. Because the next day, as we were panting our way from Littlehampton through Rustington on a forced march, we came across our handsome Tony, who looked like Rudolph Valentino himself, on the cold, windy beach promenade secured with barbed wire obstacles. With a turban-like white headband, Tony, in his role as a sheikh from Arabia, had a local beauty on his arm.&#8221;<br><br>He was a <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30251'>ski athlete<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[55]  Leighton-Langer loc.cit., page 148.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, an activity he pursued into old age.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Werner_Goldschmidt_Captain_Vernon_%E2%80%9EDucky%E2%80%9C_Dwelly\"><\/span><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Werner Goldschmidt (Captain Vernon \u201eDucky\u201c Dwelly)<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Born on October 29, 1921, in Mannheim, shipping clerk. After the war, he worked at <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30254'>American Express<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[56]  Masters loc.cit., page 447.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, most recently as vice president.<br><br><span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30257'>He recalls<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[57]  Vernon Dwelly, \u201cMy \u2018War Career\u2019.\u201d In <a href=\"https:\/\/www.duneraassociation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/No.-111-Dunera-News-Oct-2021.pdf\"><u>Dunera News No. 111<\/u><\/a>, p. 6f., accessed on January 10, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>: \u201cOnce we were qualified, we had privileges such as being allowed to live in \u2018private lodgings\u2019 instead of barracks, where families had been asked to contribute to the war effort. They had no idea who we were, but many became long-time friends.\u201d<br><br>Vernon Dwelly was one of the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30261'>instructors<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[58]  Masters loc.cit., page 102.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> of the X Commando for unarmed close combat. Dwelly, now a lieutenant, was involved as an intelligence officer in the aforementioned battles of a group of several commando units against the German occupation of the island of Walcheren off the coast of Antwerp in early November 1944.<br><br><span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30264'>He writes<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[59]  Dwelly loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>: &#8220;It was late 1944 and a hard-fought battle ensued. I was assigned with some of my soldiers to a naval commando unit serving with the Canadian Army. My landing craft was blown up by a mine. I ended up in the water and was completely soaked, but miraculously unharmed. The following days of fighting, wetness, and cold led to double pneumonia, so I was evacuated to Knocke, Belgium, for medical treatment.&#8221;<br><br>After the war, like many of his comrades, he was transferred to the Field Security Service. <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30267'>With the rank of major<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[60]  Leighton-Langer loc.cit., page 146.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, he commanded one of sections 446, 447, and 448, as did X Commandos Captains Scott and Nichols. \u201cWe pursued Nazis, but actually we spent most of our time tracking down Russians who had invaded the West.\u201d He turned down the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30270'>military career<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[61]  Dwelly loc. cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> that was offered to him. When he accepted a job offer from the British Foreign Office, a friend advised him that because he was financially dependent, he should \u201cbecome a yes-man who belongs to the government. That led indirectly to my international career at American Express.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hans_Julius_Guttmann_Sgt_Ronnie_Gilbert\"><\/span><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Hans Julius Guttmann (Sgt. Ronnie Gilbert)<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>He was born on September 28, 1919, in Singen (Baden). In England, he worked on a farm near Thirlby Thirsk (North Yorkshire). In Australia, he was housed in Camp 8 Hay.<br><br>The Normandy landings veteran suffered a <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30273'>leg injury<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[62]  Leighton-Langer loc.cit, page 143.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> on August 19, 1944, during a battle with an enemy patrol at Grande Ferme du Boisson, which required treatment in England. After the war, according to X Commando John Envers (Hans Gunter Engel), he is said to have worked for the British intelligence service in D\u00fcsseldorf. \u201cHe also says, \u2018Ronnie was a spy\u2019 and that he <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30276'>received<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[63]  Leighton-Langer loc.cit., page 208.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> the Member of the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30280'>Order of the British Empire<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[64]  <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Order_of_the_British_Empire\"><u>Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire<\/u><\/a> (MBE) is the fifth and lowest level of the British Order of Merit. See Wikipedia, accessed on January 26, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (MBE) medal.\u201d<br><br>Masters adds this <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30284'>anecdote<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[65]  Masters loc.cit., page 449.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>: \u201cThe Germans also wanted to award him a medal for his excellent work in tracking down war crimes. An old English law (dating back to the time of Elizabeth I) prohibited him from accepting this award, but it was a triumph for one of our boys who had been forced to participate in the destruction of the synagogue in his hometown of Singen during Kristallnacht.\u201d This anecdote is reminiscent of the automotive pioneer <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/josef-ganz\/\">Joseph Ganz<\/a>, whom Australia refused to award the Federal Cross of Merit.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile is-vertically-aligned-bottom\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"656\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/GilbertRonnie.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-30498 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/GilbertRonnie.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/GilbertRonnie-229x300.jpg 229w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>Ronnie Gilbert als Sergeant. Photo: Commando Veterans Archive (Source Robert Greenslade).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Max_Werner_Lewinsky_Pte_Max_Laddy\"><\/span><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Max Werner Lewinsky (Pte. Max Laddy)<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Born in Prague on 19 August 1911. He was a choreographer and dancer in Vienna. \u2018Cross on the grave\u2019 in Aberdovey, notes Sugarman. This is correct, as Lewinsky stated his religious affiliation in Australia as \u2018Protestant\u2019. Even before his deportation to Australia, he had lived for some time as a <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30824'>farm labourer<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[66]  Article about X Troop on <a href=\"https:\/\/wp-research.aber.ac.uk\/nsrefugeeswales\/history\/service-in-armed-forces\/x-troop\/\">Re<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/wp-research.aber.ac.uk\/nsrefugeeswales\/\">fugees from National Socialism in Wales<\/a>, accessed on 10.2.2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in Lower Machen near Newport (Wales). In 1943, he married Margaret Rees from Averdyfi. He was buried in the military cemetery in Hermanville sur Mer near Caen.<br><br>He had been trained as a medic at the X Commando headquarters in Aberdyfi, Wales. Masters recalls: \u201cMax had operated on me with his scissors to remove a piece of shrapnel from my buttocks while I was unconscious.\u201d Laddy was <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30287'>killed in action on D-Day<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[67]  Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft Vienna, biographies, short biography<a href=\"https:\/\/commandos.lbg.ac.at\/bio\/max-laddy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a0Max Laddy<\/a>. Accessed on January 9, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, June 6, 1944, during the Allied assault on Sword Beach, probably while still in a landing craft. His name is engraved on a <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30291'>memorial stone<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[68]  Masters loc.cit., page 12.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> for the fallen from Aberdyfi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gerhard_Heinz_Hermann_Nell_Captain_Gerald_Peter_Nichols\"><\/span><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Gerhard Heinz Hermann Nell (Captain<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong> <strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Gerald Peter Nichols)<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The chemistry assistant and Protestant was born on October 8, 1920, in Berlin. He lived in Camp 8 Hay during his internment in Australia. <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30294'>After the end of the war<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[69]  Leighton-Langer loc.cit., pages 134, 236.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, he was commander of a section of the Field Security Service responsible for tracking down Nazis. He later moved to Schleswig Holstein to work for the British Information Control. He was married in England and had two children. He died on August 4, 1997.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>How Nichols saved his comrade Carson has been reported previously. During the Normandy landings, he led a <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30297'>five-man group<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[70]  Dean loc.cit., page 128.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> as a corporal. On June 13, 1944, at a farm near Breville, he carried the seriously wounded General Lord Lovat, commander of the 1st Commando Brigade, out of the line of fire. Masters reports on the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30300'>artillery attack<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[71]  Masters loc.cit, pages 275\/276.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>: &#8220;All hell was breaking loose around us. Nichols rushed through the archway to our brigadier general, who was lying motionless and bleeding from several wounds. Gerald picked up Lovat along with his forked walking stick, slung him over his shoulder, and staggered under his weight\u2014Lovat was tall and heavy\u2014back into the courtyard. Shells continued to explode around us, and rescuing our dead commander seemed reckless at best. Why not wait until the artillery fire had stopped? But two of us ran to help Nichols before he collapsed. He slid Lovat off his shoulder and called for the staff doctor &#8230;&#8221;<a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-admin\/admin.php?page=tm%2Fmenu%2Ftranslations-queue.php&amp;return_url=https%3A%2F%2Fdunera.de%2Fwp-admin%2Fpost.php%3Fpost%3D29467%26action%3Dedit%26lang%3Dde%26referer%3Date%26wpml_version%3D4.8.6&amp;lang=de&amp;trid=19965&amp;language_code=en&amp;source_language_code=de#_edn3\">[<\/a>In the Breville area, Nichols was later wounded by shrapnel in his lower jaw and taken to England for treatment.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"352\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Xcommando_gruppe01.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29511 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Xcommando_gruppe01.png 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Xcommando_gruppe01-300x211.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>Standing: Mason, Nichols, Matsters; seated: MvGregor, Drew (from left to right). Photo: Commando Veterans Archive.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Egon_Vogel_Sgt_Ernest_Robert_Villiers\"><\/span><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Egon Vogel (Sgt. Ernest Robert Villiers)<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>He was born on September 7, 1918, in Hamburg. His father had left the family, and his mother was Jewish. He had <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30659'>trained<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[72]  Information about Egon Vogel's family by Alexander Berkel.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> as a locksmith. His <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30303'>hosts in London<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[73]  Census form from September 29, 1939, for Sutton Court Road, London Brentford-Chiswick, via ancestry.de.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> were police officer Leonard Hurrell and his wife Marguerite. During his training in Aberdovey, he lived with Tony Firth, Colin Anson, and two other comrades in the large <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-31428'>Edwards family<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[74]  See Garrett, op. cit., p. 82.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> home.<br><br>After returning from Australia, he joined the Auxiliary Military Pioneer Corps before being accepted into the commando troops and assigned to No. 3 Troop (X Commando) of the 10th (Inter Allied) Commando as Ernest Robert Villiers.<br><br>&#8220;As a masterful <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30307'>safe cracker<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[75]  Masters loc.cit., page 103.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, he had such sensitive fingers that he could feel the combination of a combination lock. He also knew all the locking mechanisms so well that he could open most of them in no time, sometimes using improvised tools such as celluloid strips or pieces of wire when his fingers were not enough. He taught us, but none of us could hold a candle to him.&#8221; Villiers was wounded on <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30310'>June 23, 1944, in Normandy<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[76]  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.commandoveterans.org\/EgonVogel10Commando\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Commando Veterans Archive<\/a>, accessed on January 11, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> during the fighting for Sallenelles near Caen.<br><br>Sergeant \u201cRobbie\u201d Villiers and his comrade Herbert A. Seymour (H.P. Sachs) died on March 24, 1945, from injuries sustained while <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30314'>crossing the Rhine<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[77]  Alexander Berkel et al. \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/www.krieg-am-niederrhein.de\/en\/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1945 - The Rhine Crossings in the Wesel Area<\/a>\u201c, accessed on January 11, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Operation Widgeon) north of Wesel in their \u201cBuffalo\u201d amphibious tank. \u201cA glance over the side showed me a Buffalo burning in the middle of the Rhine. Later we heard the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30318'>terrible news<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[78]  Leighton-Langer loc.cit., page 145.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> that Robbie Villiers (who could pick any lock) and Seymour, both seconded from 3 Troop to 46 Royal Marine Commando, had perished in the flames.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"715\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Villiers_Masters02.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29520 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Villiers_Masters02.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Villiers_Masters02-210x300.jpg 210w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>The only confirmed photo with Egon Vogel (bottom). He was pictured together with Masters and Madson, including Carson, Firth, Wallen, and Gilbert (from left to right). Image source: Peter Masters.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong>\u201eIn proud, loving memory<br>of our dear Ernest.<br>Never to be forgotten<br>by the Hurrells\u201c<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\">The <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30321'>inscription<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[79]  \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cwgc.org\/stories\/stories\/serjeant-egon-vogel-ernest-robert-villiers\/\"><u>For Everyone. Stories of the Fallen<\/u><\/a>\u201d Online, accessed on January 11, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> that his host family, the Hurrels, had placed on the gravestone shows the great respect they had for the soldier of X Commando and also documents that the fighters of No. 3 Troop No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando were no longer considered foreigners.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/GraVilliers_Berkel.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29524\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/GraVilliers_Berkel.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/GraVilliers_Berkel-225x300.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"caption\">The grave of Ernest Robert Villiers in the military cemetery in the Reichswald forest near Kleve. Photo: Alexander Berkel.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9CAlways_extremely_satisfactory%E2%80%9D\"><\/span><b><strong>\u201cAlways extremely satisfactory\u201d<\/strong><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"882\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/xcommando_Gruppe1943_1000.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29518 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/xcommando_Gruppe1943_1000.png 1000w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/xcommando_Gruppe1943_1000-300x265.png 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/xcommando_Gruppe1943_1000-768x677.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"caption\">The photo of No. 3 Troop of the 10th (Inter Allied) Commando (X Commando) was taken in 1943 during a training period at Aberdyfi (Wales).<br>Caption (selection of No. 3 Troopers mentioned in the text): 3 Masters, 11 Carson, 14 Sayers, 15 Laddy, 16 Gilbert, 29 Griffith, 38 Arlan, 41 Barnes, 43 Nichols, 47 Wallen, 49 Mason, 54 Hilton-Jones, 61 Villiers. Not pictured: Dwelly, Firth, and Nell.(According to a <a href=\"https:\/\/gallery.commandoveterans.org\/cdoGallery\/v\/units\/10IA\/x+troop\/3+troop+photos\/\">recent publication<\/a>, No. 11 is unknown and No. 61 is not Villiers but Carson).<br>Image source, graphic, and caption: Commando Veterans Archive, Colin Anson Archive.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>The British Army praised No. 3 Troop No. 10 (Inter Allied) Commando with the highest accolades. Major General R. G. Sturges, GOC Commandoes and Special Service Group, wrote as early as 1944\/45 that the unit \u201chad been trained and deployed for tasks of a highly combatant nature and consisted of volunteers &#8230; their conduct and work were always extremely satisfactory &#8230; This is a good subgroup that can take good care of itself and has done an excellent job.\u201d<br><br><span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30325'>Bryan Hilton-Jones<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[80]  Quotes from Hilton Jones and Sturges and information about Griffith\/Glaser cited from Martin Sugarman, \u201cNo. 3 (\u2018Jewish\u2019) Troop, No. 10 Commando\u201d (article), page 2, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.commandoveterans.org\/sites\/www.commandoveterans.org\/files\/10IACOMM%20%284%29_0.pdf\"><u>Commando Veteran Org<\/u><\/a> (online), accessed on January 9, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, the first commander of No. 3 Troop, recalled that his unit &#8220;was remarkably successful and received high praise from all sides, which is best illustrated by the fact that many were accepted as officers into the commando forces to which they had belonged. &#8230; They were the most interesting and valuable branch of No. 10 Commando.&#8221; This is clearly illustrated by the example of Captain K. J. Griffith (Kurt Joachim Glaser), the first Jewish commander of the troop, who was killed on April 11, 1945, while crossing the River Aller.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"334\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/3troopDehnkmalAberdobey.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29508 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/3troopDehnkmalAberdobey.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/3troopDehnkmalAberdobey-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>In Aberdovey (Scotland), one of the training locations, a memorial commemorates the Jewish fighters: \u201cFor the members of 3 Troop 10 (IA) Commando who were warmly welcomed in Aberdyfi while training for special duties in battle 1942-1943. Twenty were killed in action.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30329'>88 fighters<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[81]  Sugarman (Nominal Roll) loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> from No. 3 Troop No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando were promoted, 19 of them to officers. 21 were killed in combat and 22 were wounded. Of the 44 men who took part in the assault on the Normandy coast on D-Day, 27 were killed, wounded, or captured.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"After_the_war\"><\/span><b><strong>After the war<\/strong><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>After the unit was disbanded in September 1945, many fighters remained in the army or were deployed on other military assignments \u2013 often secret \u2013 in occupied Germany. Many accepted the promised <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30332'>British citizenship<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[82]  \u201eKurzgeschichte der Einheit\u201c loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> and remained on the island or went to other English-speaking countries. Only a few returned to Germany.<br><br>The public probably first learned more about the \u201cNo. 3 Troop No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando\u201d and the achievements of the \u201cenemy alien\u201d commando soldiers through an <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-30335'>obituary<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[83]  Kevin Fitzgerald, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alpinwiki.at\/portal\/navigation\/erst-besteiger\/erstbesteigerdetail.php?erstbesteiger=51016\"><u>Obituary Bryan Hilton-Jones<\/u><\/a> in \u201cIn Memoriam,\u201d Alpine Journal No. 76\/1971, pages 329\/330. See Alpin Wiki, accessed on January 9, 2026.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> for Bryan Hilton Jones published in 1971. It took almost two more decades for historical and commemorative literature to take up the subject.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><b>Please note:<\/b> dunera.de would like to thank historian Alex Berkel. His inquiry about Dunera Boy Egon Vogel (Robert Villiers) prompted the research on X Commando and this article.<br><br>The photos taken from Peter Masters&#8217; book have been edited to remove the blue cast and haze, and the tonal values have been corrected to improve the appearance of the photos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Footnotes\"><\/span>Footnotes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>show<\/summary>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nine Dunera Boys fought in Normandy and on other fronts in No. 3 Troop No. 10 (Inter Allied) Commando.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":29996,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[188],"tags":[198,197,900,901],"class_list":["post-29998","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","tag-hmt-dunera-en","tag-holocaust-en","tag-no-3-troop-no-10-inter-allied-commando","tag-x-commando"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29998","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=29998"}],"version-history":[{"count":144,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29998\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":31811,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29998\/revisions\/31811"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/29996"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=29998"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=29998"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=29998"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}