{"id":24864,"date":"2025-07-09T10:06:59","date_gmt":"2025-07-09T08:06:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/?p=24864"},"modified":"2026-05-01T07:59:46","modified_gmt":"2026-05-01T05:59:46","slug":"ulrich-laufer-and-max-schwarz","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/ulrich-laufer-and-max-schwarz\/","title":{"rendered":"Ulrich Laufer and Max Schwarz"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.elementor-1602 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5613107{--display:flex;--flex-direction:row;--container-widget-width:initial;--container-widget-height:100%;--container-widget-flex-grow:1;--container-widget-align-self:stretch;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--justify-content:space-around;--flex-wrap:wrap;--margin-top:0px;--margin-bottom:0px;--margin-left:0px;--margin-right:0px;--padding-top:60px;--padding-bottom:60px;--padding-left:5px;--padding-right:5px;}.elementor-1602 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data-widget_type=\"loop-carousel.post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper elementor-loop-container elementor-grid\" role=\"list\" dir=\"ltr\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-wrapper\" aria-live=\"off\">\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-1582\">.elementor-1582 .elementor-element.elementor-element-973247a{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--gap:8px 8px;--row-gap:8px;--column-gap:8px;--margin-top:0px;--margin-bottom:0px;--margin-left:0px;--margin-right:0px;--padding-top:0px;--padding-bottom:0px;--padding-left:0px;--padding-right:0px;}.elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image .widget-image-caption{color:var( --e-global-color-text );font-family:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-size:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-size );font-weight:var( 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theme-post-featured-image, class: .elementor-element-b2f8aff *\/.elementor-1582 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b2f8aff img{\n    aspect-ratio: 1\/1 !important;\n}\/* End custom CSS *\/\n\/* Start custom CSS for theme-post-title, class: .elementor-element-97f6239 *\/.menu-pic:hover h4{\n    color: #D45847 !important;\n}\n\n.elementor-1582 .elementor-element.elementor-element-97f6239 h4 a{\n    font-family: 'Satoshi' !important;\n}\n\n.elementor-1582 .elementor-element.elementor-element-97f6239{\n    cursor: pointer;\n    text-decoration: none !important;\n}\n\n.elementor-1582 .elementor-element.elementor-element-97f6239:hover{\n     color: #D45847 !important;\n}\n\na{\n    text-decoration: none !important;\n}\/* End custom CSS *\/<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-11667 post-11667 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-berlin-en tag-exil-en tag-franz-lebrecht-en tag-hay-en tag-heinz-dehn-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-ida-dehn-en tag-internment tag-kitchener-camp-en tag-leberecht-dehn-en tag-tatura-en tag-united-kingom\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/DehnHeinz-bio-rb7ijmicxjt0bxw6h9zu2cz4s8o6z9vivt8v9s0o28.webp\" title=\"DehnHeinz-bio\" alt=\"Heinz Dehn 1974. Foto: J\u00fcrgen Henschel, Familienarchiv Dehn.\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/heinz-dehn\/\">Heinz Dehn<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-13287 post-13287 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-8th-australian-employment-company-en tag-australia tag-buchenwald-concentration-camp tag-dachau-concentration-camp tag-exil-en tag-franz-lebrecht-en tag-hildegard-berndt-en tag-holocaust-en tag-lichtenburg-concentration-camp tag-mainz-mayence tag-rosa-luxemburg-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/FranzLebrecht-bio-qgi0ad2u4qi6jspdspp0om8va49qzm9bsrr6lpu6kw.webp\" title=\"FranzLebrecht-bio\" alt=\"FranzLebrecht-bio\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/franz-lebrecht\/\">Franz Lebrecht<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-11502 post-11502 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-exil-en tag-hannover-en tag-holocaust-en tag-ida-dehn-en tag-the-nussbaum-family\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/nussbaum-rb7hq768z9iuvemxb23aiaanazpj0e21660nexncuo.jpg\" title=\"nussbaum\" alt=\"nussbaum\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-nussbaum-family\/\">The Nussbaum family<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-8852 post-8852 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-dr-hans-frankenstein-en tag-exil-en tag-heinz-dehn-en tag-internment tag-kitchener-camp-en tag-united-kingom\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/kitchener_suchseite-rb7hqaxlqlo05uhgp3pss9choj6zv6gyiomlc1hs5s.jpg\" title=\"kitchener_suchseite\" alt=\"kitchener_suchseite\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/kitchener-camp\/\">Kitchener Camp<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-11022 post-11022 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-exil-en tag-hannover-en tag-heinz-dehn-en tag-ida-dehn-en tag-the-flieder-family\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/DehnIda_Beitrag-rb7hbh19wpd4zc0zaoxpg02o9oaif3lf5a2sqvhec0.jpg\" title=\"DehnIda_Beitrag\" alt=\"DehnIda_Beitrag\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/ida-dehn\/\">Ida Dehn<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10876 post-10876 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-abraham-flieder-en tag-auschwitz-en tag-hannover-en tag-ida-dehn-en tag-polenaktion-en tag-simon-flieder-en tag-zbaszyn-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/FliederFamilie-rb7hr0b8v4mqvbglkwoq5kxxpxpwn09pm68paig5hs.jpg\" title=\"FliederFamilie\" alt=\"FliederFamilie\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-flieder-family\/\">The Flieder family<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10377 post-10377 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-ghetto-riga-en tag-heinz-dehn-en tag-holocaust-en tag-leberecht-dehn-en tag-theresienstadt-concentration-camp tag-treblinka-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Dehnfamilie-rb7hrdgzit4rduxhg2di4hme1bx1mrpybzdi0dwn2o.jpg\" title=\"Dehnfamilie\" alt=\"Dehnfamilie\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-dehn-family\/\">The Dehn family<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10201 post-10201 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-buchenwald-concentration-camp tag-dachau-concentration-camp tag-franz-lebrecht-en tag-sachsenhausen-concentration-camp tag-singapore tag-universitaet-muenster\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Friedlich-rb7hquo7q4f0xnoshu8yqmd65mhpctnblebseuoij4.jpg\" title=\"Friedlich\" alt=\"Friedlich\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/ernst-friedlich\/\">Ernst Friedlich<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10044 post-10044 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-buchenwald-concentration-camp tag-dachau-concentration-camp tag-ernst-friedlich-fry-en tag-exil-en tag-franz-lebrecht-en tag-hamburg-en tag-leon-gottlieb-en tag-sachsenhausen-concentration-camp tag-singapore\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Gottlieb-rb7hqm7o0m3g1612v8lbm6i0t5nefjpqk8gf3d1234.jpg\" title=\"Gottlieb\" alt=\"Gottlieb\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/leon-gottlieb\/\">Leon Gottlieb<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-11143 post-11143 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-eric-robert-towers-en tag-erich-tichauer-en tag-exil-en tag-heinz-dehn-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-ida-dehn-en-2 tag-walter-fuerst-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Tichauer_beitragsbild-rb7hbx0j4vz0gpdrpdud4e1id83r1ycuvh61wktpe8.jpg\" title=\"Tichauer_beitragsbild\" alt=\"Tichauer_beitragsbild\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/erich-tichauer\/\">Erich Tichauer<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10245 post-10245 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-dr-ernst-wasser-en tag-dr-hans-frankenstein-en tag-exil-en tag-goerlitz-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-kitchener-camp-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Fnankenstein-1-rb7hqwjw3shlkvm26v27vlw3ce8fs7us9nmrdelq6o.jpg\" title=\"Fnankenstein\" alt=\"Fnankenstein\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/dr-hans-frankenstein\/\">Dr Hans Frankenstein<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10752 post-10752 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-exil-en tag-josef-ganz-en tag-volkswagen-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/ganz-rb7hqn5i7g4qcrzppqzy6o9hejirn8tgwd3wkmznww.jpg\" title=\"ganz\" alt=\"ganz\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/josef-ganz\/\">Josef Ganz<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-11254 post-11254 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-a-j-storfer-en tag-ernst-platz-en tag-eva-schwarcz-en tag-karl-und-olga-bodan-en tag-mark-siegelberg-en tag-shanghai-12-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/shanghai12-rb7hs3sgu64sexv96dr22azao4bbmamfrln3g4tm8g.jpg\" title=\"shanghai12\" alt=\"shanghai12\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-shanghai-12\/\">The \u201eShanghai 12\u201c<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-11221 post-11221 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-france tag-ginette-rozenfeld-en tag-holocaust-en tag-ida-dehn-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/rozenfeld-rb7hkl2y5vu7j8sh34qi47ajl5dm1grqqdr98fz00g.jpg\" title=\"rozenfeld\" alt=\"rozenfeld\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/ginette-rozenfeld\/\">Ginette Rozenfeld<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-20010 post-20010 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-dr-hans-frankenstein-en tag-exil-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-unrra-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/WasserErnst_Beitragsbild-rb7hbyw7ik1l3xb1eenm9dkfjzuhhckbjqh0v4qx1s.jpg\" title=\"WasserErnst_Beitragsbild\" alt=\"WasserErnst_Beitragsbild\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/dr-ernst-wasser\/\">Dr Ernst Wasser<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-18542 post-18542 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biografie category-biography tag-australia tag-berlin-en tag-exil-en tag-georg-chodziesner-en tag-hay-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-internment tag-isle-of-man-en tag-kitchener-camp-en tag-tatura-en tag-united-kingom\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/ChodziesnerGeorg_beitrag2-rb7gapkilz1ewdfdysuzxa1nv5hpd9ncrbj519zpow.jpg\" title=\"ChodziesnerGeorg_beitrag2\" alt=\"ChodziesnerGeorg_beitrag2\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/george-chodziesner\/\">George Chodziesner<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-16740 post-16740 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-wolfgang-a-kittel\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Kittel_Beitrag-rb7gwxh65zgfcj5h7wmid66xe1z2bouxhapcfr1ols.png\" title=\"Kittel_Beitrag\" alt=\"Kittel_Beitrag\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wolfgang-kittel\/\">Wolfgang Kittel<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-22118 post-22118 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-berlin-en tag-exil-en tag-harry-jay-en tag-harry-jeidels-en tag-hay-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-internment tag-photography tag-tatura-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/JayHarry_Beitrag-rb7f7obssnlqrc4kwffqvmnjs3vypron2488klva34.jpg\" title=\"JayHarry_Beitrag\" alt=\"JayHarry_Beitrag\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/harry-jay-jeidels\/\">Harry Jay (Jeidels)<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-23049 post-23049 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-berlin-en tag-exil-en tag-hay-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-internment tag-mv-abosso-en tag-tatura-en tag-the-passenger tag-ulrich-a-boschwitz-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/BoschwitzUlrich_Beitrag-rb7eojc3n3ekd5xdnnm7lyioco7wzmpe3e1bss8us0.jpg\" title=\"BoschwitzUlrich_Beitrag\" alt=\"BoschwitzUlrich_Beitrag\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/ulrich-a-boschwitz\/\">Ulrich A. Boschwitz<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-24864 post-24864 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-approval category-biography tag-8th-australian-employment-company-en tag-australia tag-dunera-en tag-internment tag-max-schwarz-en tag-ulrich-laufer-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Beitrag_LauferSchwarz-rb7eccdgzgpnr9mzuvvfrjaexqbi4zaqr1dkokbphs.png\" title=\"Beitrag_LauferSchwarz\" alt=\"Beitrag_LauferSchwarz\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/ulrich-laufer-and-max-schwarz\/\">Ulrich Laufer and Max Schwarz<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-26753 post-26753 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-exil-en tag-holocaust-en tag-internment tag-kids-interned tag-westernland-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/dunera_wire-rb7hfzncr1jqrvgrx585xd1f1c10eqizfmxsrqsafk.jpg\" title=\"dunera_wire\" alt=\"dunera_wire\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-youngest-dunera-boys\/\">The youngest Dunera Boys<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-27115 post-27115 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-exil-en tag-holocaust-en tag-internment tag-oldest-internees tag-queen-mary-internees-2\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/dunera_wire-rb7hfzncr1jqrvgrx585xd1f1c10eqizfmxsrqsafk.jpg\" title=\"dunera_wire\" alt=\"dunera_wire\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-oldest-dunera-boys\/\">The oldest Dunera Boys<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-27437 post-27437 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-8th-australian-employment-company-en tag-australia tag-dunera-en tag-internment tag-sgt-snow-white tag-sydney-loder tag-taxi-nach-leipzig\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Lohde_Beitrag-rct6diwfi7ekocjmcorl5j3kz2ialcebah2xtl91ow.png\" title=\"Lohde_Beitrag\" alt=\"Lohde_Beitrag\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/sigurd-sigismund-lohde\/\">Sigurd Sigismund Lohde<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-33139 post-33139 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-8th-australian-employment-company-en tag-australia tag-captain-e-r-m-broughton tag-dunera-en tag-sgt-snow-white\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Broughton_Beitrag-rllpa9cplh6ti3ulqmmg29l90ifq03edusrpoqt58w.jpg\" title=\"Broughton_Beitrag\" alt=\"Broughton_Beitrag\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/edward-broughton-soldier-and-bookmaker\/\">Edward Broughton Soldier and Bookmaker<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-prev\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Previous\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-chevron-left\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M646 125C629 125 613 133 604 142L308 442C296 454 292 471 292 487 292 504 296 521 308 533L604 854C617 867 629 875 646 875 663 875 679 871 692 858 704 846 713 829 713 812 713 796 708 779 692 767L438 487 692 225C700 217 708 204 708 187 708 171 704 154 692 142 675 129 663 125 646 125Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-next\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Next\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-chevron-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M696 533C708 521 713 504 713 487 713 471 708 454 696 446L400 146C388 133 375 125 354 125 338 125 325 129 313 142 300 154 292 171 292 187 292 204 296 221 308 233L563 492 304 771C292 783 288 800 288 817 288 833 296 850 308 863 321 871 338 875 354 875 371 875 388 867 400 854L696 533Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote without-quotes is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A caricature was found in Heinz Dehn&#8217;s estate. It was a gift on the occasion of his release from internment in March 1942 and a thank you for his work and commitment as a hut captain and in the camp administration. Ulrich Siegmund Laufer had drawn this caricature &#8211; so Heinz and Ulrich knew each other personally. Laufer had drawn several caricatures in the camps and his works seemed to be quite popular among the internees. Ulrich Siegmund Laufer and his comrade Max Schwarz died tragically in 1943. This article aims to keep the memory of the two young Dunera Boys alive, even though (and precisely because) little is known about them.<\/p>\n<cite>Paul Dehn, Peter Dehn, July 2025.<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9EGone_but_not_forgotten%E2%80%9C\"><\/span><strong><strong>\u201eGone but not forgotten\u201c<\/strong><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ulrich Siegmund Laufer was born in <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-24889'>Berlin-Sch\u00f6neberg<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[1]  Personal files U. Laufer, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.naa.gov.au.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Archives of Australia<\/a>, NAA_ItemNumber9906530, retrieved Feb 18, 2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> on 11 May 1923 as the child of the Jewish neurologist <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-24893'>Dr. Kurt Laufer<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[2]  Worms registry office, marriage certificate no. 770 dated 23.12.1920, via ancestry.de.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> and his wife <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-24896'>Friederika Ella n\u00e9e Bockmann<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[3]  Worms registry office, birth certificate no. 1075 dated 9.11.1898 for Friederike Ella Bockmann via ancestry.de<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. There, in the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25725'>Bavarian Quarter<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[4]  Wkipedia (German) about the <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bayerisches_Viertel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bavarian Quarter<\/a>, retrieved 20.3.2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, he spent the first years of his childhood.<br><br>Among the 16,000 Jewish residents of the quarter were the physicist Albert Einstein, the social democratic politicians Eduard Bernstein and Rudolf Breitscheid, the theater man Erwin Piscator, the publicist Hannah Arendt, the director Billy Wilder and the writer Inge Deutschkron. Literary critic Marcel Reich-Ranicki and photographer Gis\u00e8le Freund also grew up there. 6,000 Jews were deported from the district to extermination camps in 1943.<br><br>In 1927, the family moved to Neuk\u00f6lln, where Dr. Kurt Laufer ran a practice as a neurologist. From 1937, Carionweg 1 in the Halensee district of Wilmersdorf was the Laufers&#8217; last known address in Berlin.<br><br>Ulrich had therefore spent his school years up to the age of 13 or 14 in the working-class district of Neuk\u00f6lln and then moved to a school in the more middle-class district of Halensee. Ulrich was still <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-24915'>registered<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[5]  Mapping the Lives, entry for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mappingthelives.org\/bio\/22b79cd9-decd-45b5-b5b2-9d9d5850bb81?restrict_to_map_bounds=false&amp;coordinates_show_all=false&amp;forename=Ulrich&amp;surname=Laufer&amp;res_single_fd=false&amp;res_community=Berlin&amp;birth_single_fd=false&amp;death_single_fd=false&amp;deportation_single_fd=false&amp;emigration_single_fd=false&amp;expulsion_single_fd=false&amp;imprisonment_single_fd=false&amp;lat=50.3061856&amp;lon=12.3007083&amp;zoom=6&amp;map_agg=residence&amp;language=de\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ulrich Laufer<\/a>, rerrieved on 20.3.2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in his parents&#8217; apartment on <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-24912'>May 17, 1939<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[6]  Wikipedia (German) on the <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Volksz%C3%A4hlung_im_Deutschen_Reich_1939\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">census of 17.5.1939<\/a> and the resulting <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Judenkartei\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jewish register<\/a>, retrieved on 10.2.2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<br><br>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"236\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/LauferUlrich_Armee.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-24412 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/LauferUlrich_Armee.jpg 236w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/LauferUlrich_Armee-142x300.jpg 142w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 236px) 100vw, 236px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The only known portrait photo comes from Ulrich&#8217;s Australian army file.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"With_the_Kindertransport_to_freedom\"><\/span><strong>With the Kindertransport to freedom<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">His youth suggests that Kurt and Ella were able to place their 16-year-old son Ulrich in one of the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-24924'>Kindertransports<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[7]  Wikipedia (German) about <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kindertransport\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kindertransports<\/a>, retrieved on 23.1.2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. After the pogroms of November 1938, British special visas saved around 10,000 Jewish children and young people from Nazi persecution until the start of the war. The Jewish community had to pay 50 pounds for each child. However, no evidence of his participation in one of the Kindertransports has yet been found. No matter what support Ulrich received, he was able to leave the Nazi Reich: Although he had to leave his parents and friends behind in Berlin, the exile may have been something of a relief.<br><br>Ulrich had already registered for a US visa at the Berlin consulate in September 1938, which was approved with the number 45900. He <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-24928'>presented himself<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[8]  Personal files Ulrich Laufer, Archives of World Jewish Relief (AJR); email of\u00a0 23.5.2025 by request of dunera.de.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> again in London on May 9, 1940. His destination was apparently New York, where his aunt Elisabeth Rosenthal had settled with her husband.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"As_an_art_student_in_London\"><\/span><strong>As an art student in London<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ulrich arrived in England on <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-24932'>June 6, 1939<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[9]  Ibid.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. He lived at 37 Wood Lane, Highgate N6, subletting from <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-24935'>Mrs. Pomford<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[10]  Ulrich Laufer, Karteikarte des Home Office, via ancestry.de. Und Personalbogen AJR-Archiv, aao.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. In Australia he named Mr. <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-24939'>A.H. Parker<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[11]  A.H. Parker, schoolmaster, and wife Bertha accdording to census of 29.9.1939, via ancestry.de.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> at 64 Talbot Road in the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-24943'>same district<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[12]  Cf. family tree Parker\/Ashby via ancestry.de.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> as his next of kin. <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-24946'>Altham Hampton Parker<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[13]  In Australia Laufer stated house number 67; 64 is correct. Cf. personal sheet U. Laufer NAA_ItemNumber8617711, routing slip of the AJR archive aao., entries for the Parkers in electoral rolls via ancestry.de.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (22.2.1902 &#8211; 20.9.1976), a schoolmaster by profession, lived there with his mother Bertha Leonora (1864-1953). He was a German teacher at Highgate School and a follower of anthroposophy, founded by the Austrian philosopher Rudolf Steiner. Parker&#8217;s niece <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-24950'>Sheena Ashby<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[14]  Sheena Ashby, niece of A.H. Parker; email to dunera.de of 24.5.2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> suspects that his friend and later wife, the potter Cicely Ashby, may have made the acquaintance. This acquaintance may have helped both of them to deepen their knowledge of the other&#8217;s language.<br><br>Ulrich was able to enrol at the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-24955'>Hornsey School of Arts and Crafts<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[15]  The Hornsey College of Arts and Crafts existed from 1882 to 1996, <a href=\"https:\/\/discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/details\/c\/F193383\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Short info<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hornsey_College_of_Art\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikipedia<\/a>, retrieved on 25.5.2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in north London, where fine art, advertising design and <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-24959'>applied industrial design<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[16]  AJR, personal files loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> were taught at the time. There is no known connection between the Parkers and the school. In Australia, he gave \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-24962'>commercial art<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[17]  Internment files Ulrich Laufer, NAA_ItemNumber9906530, NAA_ItemNumber8617711.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d as a subject of his studies. One document mentions \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-24966'>IYR commercial art<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[18]  Mobilization Attestation Form Ulrich Laufer, 26.5.1943, page 1; NAA_ItemNumber6232606.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d. This is possibly an \u201cin year retrieval\u201d. Such programs are used &#8211; at least nowadays &#8211; in British universities to enable students to <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-24970'>reclassify<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[19]  Cf. <a href=\"https:\/\/advice.southwales.ac.uk\/a2z\/in-year-retrieval\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of South Wales<\/a>, retrieved on 15.1.2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> their work if their grades are poor or insufficient. He was unable to obtain a degree after just one year of study.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Detention_and_internment\"><\/span><strong>Detention and internment<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The policy of fighting against an alleged \u201c5th column\u201d, to which <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/british-deportationspart-2-2\/\">Churchill&#8217;s government<\/a> insultingly included Jewish and political refugees as well as British citizens with roots in \u201cenemy states\u201d, did not stop at young refugees. Ulrich Laufer was <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-24974'>arrested<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[20]  Cf. NAA personnel sheet, loc.cit. and docket U. Laufer, loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in London on June 28, 1940 and taken to the camp in Kempton Park.<br><br>According to the minutes of the House of Commons, there was \u201cnot a single bed, not even a straw bag or chair, so that the sick and elderly internees had to sleep on the bare floor\u201d. Secretary of State for War <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-24978'>Anthony Eden<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[21]  House of Commons, <a href=\"https:\/\/api.parliament.uk\/historic-hansard\/commons\/1940\/aug\/20\/internees\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">debate on internemnt<\/a> on 20.8.1940, retrieved on 14.11.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> blamed this on \u201cthe circumstances\u201d. But who was responsible for \u201cthe circumstances\u201d?<br><br>Reports of harassment and theft by the guards came not only from the horror journey of the Dunera, but also from British camps. In Kempton, internees \u201clost\u201d watches and cash to <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-24982'>corrupt guards<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[22]  Simon Parkin \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/feb\/01\/when-britain-imprisoned-refugees-second-world-war-internment-camps\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">I remember the feeling of insult<\/a>: When Britain imprisoned its wartime refugees\u201c. The Guardian on 1.2.2022, retrieved on 15.1.2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. Major James Braybrook, commander of Kempton Park Internment Camp, was later sentenced to 18 months imprisonment for \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-24986'>larceny, embezzlement and fraudulent conversion<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[23]  The National Archives Kew, \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/details\/r\/C3973422\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Major James Braybrook,<\/a> Commandant \u2026.\u201c (catalogue entry), retrieved on 15.1.2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><em>\u201d<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"648\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/LauferElternHeirat_.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-24422 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/LauferElternHeirat_.png 800w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/LauferElternHeirat_-300x243.png 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/LauferElternHeirat_-768x622.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kurt and Ella married on December 23, 1920 in Worms.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_fate_of_the_parents_Kurt_and_Ella_Laufer\"><\/span><strong>The fate of the parents Kurt and Ella Laufer<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ulrich&#8217;s father Kurt Laufer was born in Berlin on August 18, 1894. His parents \u2013 <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-24990'>Ulrich\u2019s grand parents<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[24]  Birth entry Kurt Laufer, registry office Berlin no. 1995 from 23.8.1894, via ancestry.de<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u2013 were Eugen Isidor and Elise Laufer, n\u00e9e Breslauer. The family lived in the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-24994'>Hansa quarter<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[25]  Wikipedia (German) about Berlin-<a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Berlin-Hansaviertel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hansaviertel<\/a>, abgerufen am 27.11.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, founded in 1874, at Flensburger Stra\u00dfe 9 in Berlin-Moabit. Kurt studied medicine in Heidelberg and passed his <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-24998'>Physicum<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[26]  Mapping the Lives \u00fcber <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mappingthelives.org\/bio\/baccc06b-a439-4e7b-90a9-a17b70cdfbf2?restrict_to_map_bounds=false&amp;coordinates_show_all=false&amp;forename=Kurt&amp;surname=laufer&amp;res_single_fd=false&amp;birth_single_fd=false&amp;death_single_fd=false&amp;deportation_single_fd=false&amp;emigration_single_fd=false&amp;expulsion_single_fd=false&amp;imprisonment_single_fd=false&amp;lat=50.3061856&amp;lon=12.3007083&amp;zoom=6&amp;map_agg=residence&amp;language=de\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kurt Laufer<\/a>, retrieved on 11.12.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (intermediate examination) in Berlin . Kurt&#8217;s wife <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25002'>Ella Bockmann<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[27]  Background information (German) about the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wormserjuden.de\/Biographien\/Bockmann.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bockmann family<\/a> on Die Wormser Juden 1933-1945, retrived 23.1.2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> was born in Worms on November 3, 1898. Her parents were the merchant Siegmund Bockmann and his wife Johanna, n\u00e9e Scharff. They also had a daughter, Elisabeth (Lizzi).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kurt and Ella had married in Worms on December 23, 1920 and then moved to Berlin. The family lived at <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25006'>Luitpoldstrasse 28<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[28]  <a href=\"https:\/\/digital.zlb.de\/viewer\/berliner-adress-telefon-branchenbuecher\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Adressb\u00fccher von Berlin<\/a> 1923 bis 1927, Digitale Landesbibliothek Berlin.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> from 1923. In 1927 they added the practice address at <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25010'>Bergstrasse 163<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[29]  Berlin business directory 1927, loc.cit..<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (today: Karl-Marx-Strasse) in Neuk\u00f6lln and the family moved to nearby <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25014'>Lahnstrasse 68<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[30]  Berlin business directory 1935, loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in 1928. The Laufers&#8217; last Berlin address was <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25017'>Carionweg 1<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[31]  Mapping the Lives \u00fcber <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mappingthelives.org\/bio\/eb1b7adb-e9cf-442d-9c75-166fcf6fb421?restrict_to_map_bounds=false&amp;coordinates_show_all=false&amp;forename=Ella&amp;surname=laufer&amp;res_single_fd=false&amp;birth_single_fd=false&amp;death_single_fd=false&amp;deportation_single_fd=false&amp;emigration_single_fd=false&amp;expulsion_single_fd=false&amp;imprisonment_single_fd=false&amp;lat=50.3061856&amp;lon=12.3007083&amp;zoom=6&amp;map_agg=residence&amp;language=de\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ella Laufer<\/a>, loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in Berlin Halensee from 1937.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kurt&#8217;s <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25020'>approbation<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[32]  Wikipedia (German) about <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medizin_in_der_j%C3%BCdischen_Kultur#J%C3%BCdische_%C3%84rzte_w%C3%A4hrend_des_Nationalsozialismus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">medicine in Jewish culture<\/a>, retrieved on 2.5.2025. The article names Jewish physicians of international standing, including Nobel Prize winners.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> was revoked by the \u201cFourth Ordinance to the Reich Citizenship Act\u201d on September 30, 1938, and with it his livelihood. This professional ban affected the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25024'>3,152 Jewish doctors<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[33]  Thomas Gerst, \u201eVor 80 Jahren: Ausschluss j\u00fcdischer \u00c4rzte aus der Kassenpraxis\u201d (80 years ago: Exclusion of Jewish doctors from panel practice), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aerzteblatt.de\/archiv\/vor-80-jahren-ausschluss-juedischer-aerzte-aus-der-kassenpraxis-843a779b-369d-4739-b551-0f499d4ea468\u201c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deutsches \u00c4rzteblatt<\/a> 16\/2013, retrieved on 2.5.2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> who had been tolerated by the Nazis until then.<br><br>His Neuk\u00f6lln practice address was therefore no longer listed in the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25028'>address directory of 1939<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[34]  Berlin directory 1939, loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. After the November pogroms, he was arrested on November 14, 1938 as one of 30,000 \u201c<a href=\"\/en\/?p=16216\">Aktionsjuden<\/a>\u201d and held in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp with the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25032'>prisoner number 7838<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[35]  Mail der Gedenkst\u00e4tte Sachsenhausen an Dunera.de vom 13.4.2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> until December 14, 1938.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Relocation_and_work_in_Bendorf-Sayn\"><\/span><strong>Relocation and work in Bendorf-Sayn<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fritz and Paul Jacoby fled to Uruguay in mid-1940. From the end of 1940, mentally ill Jews may only be admitted to the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25036'>Heil- und Pflegeanstalt in Bendorf-Sayn<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[36]  Ministry of Interior, Circular of 12.12.1940, Cf Wikipedia \u00fcber (German) about the <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jacoby%E2%80%99sche_Heil-_und_Pflegeanstalt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jacoby\u2019sche Heil- und Pflegeanstalt<\/a>, retrived on 15.12.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, district of Koblenz (sanatorium and nursing home) run by the Reichsverein der Juden, which the Jacobys had managed.<br><br>Dr. Wilhelm Rosenau, appointed by the Jacobys as his successor, brought his specialist colleague <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25040'>Kurt Laufer and his wife Ella<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[37]  Pete Vanlaw, \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/forthelifeofme-film.com\/2015\/01\/15\/eugenics-cousin-update\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bendorf-Sayn and My Cousin<\/a> \u2013 An Update\u201c, 15.1.2015; abgerufen am 16.5.2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> to the institution as nurses. This made Kurt Laufer one of the few Jewish \u201cmedical practitioners\u201d who were allowed to treat <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25044'>only Jews<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[38]  Thomas Gerst, loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> from 1938 onwards.<br><br>From March 1942, there were signs that this medical facility was coming to an end. On <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25047'>June 15, 1942<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[39]  Cf. Mapping the Lives \u00fcber Ella und Kurt Laufer loc.cit., Lieselotte Sauer-Kaulbach \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rhein-zeitung.de\/rheinland-pfalz\/kultur\/der-autor-jacob-van-hoddis-patient-in-sayn-opfer-des-ns-wahns_arid-2314978.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Der Autor Jacob van Hoddis<\/a>: Patient in Sayn, Opfer des NS-Wahns\u201c. In Rhein-Zeitung from 28.9.2021, retrieved on 12.11.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, 331 men and women alone &#8211; including Ella and Kurt Laufer &#8211; were sent from Koblenz via Cologne and D\u00fcsseldorf to their deaths in the Sobibor extermination camp. Patients and staff &#8211; more than 580 people &#8211; were taken to <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25051'>extermination camps<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[40]  Dietrich Schabow, \u201eJuden in Bendorf 1199-1942. Eine Ausstellung zum Gedenken der Deportationen aus Bendorf im Jahre 1942\u201c (Jews in Bendorf. An exhibition to commemorate the deportations from Bendorf in 1942). In: Beitr\u00e4ge zur j\u00fcdischen Geschichte in Rheinland-Pfalz. 3. Jahrgang. Ausgabe 2\/1993, Heft Nr. 5. Seiten 46-47.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> on a total of five transports. The Reich Ministry of the Interior ordered the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25055'>closure<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[41]  Ministry of Interior, circular from 10.11.1942, loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> of the facility on November 10, 1942.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Other_relatives\"><\/span><strong>Other relatives<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-border-color is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-color:#d45847;border-width:4px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);box-shadow:var(--wp--preset--shadow--sharp);flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1869, the merchant Meyer (Meier) Jacoby founded the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25060'>Israelitische Heil- und Pflegeanstalt f\u00fcr Nerven- und Gem\u00fcthskranke Sayn<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[42]  Dietrich Schabow, \u201eJuden in Bendorf 1199-1942 \u2026\u201c loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> near Coblenz for the adequate <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25063'>treatment and care<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[43]  Milena Bagic, \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kuladig.de\/Objektansicht\/O-119138-20150324-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Israelitische Krankenanstalt in Bendorf-Sayn<\/a>, Asyl f\u00fcr Nerven- und Gem\u00fctskranke, Jacoby\u2019sche Heil- und Pflegeanstalt\u201c, Universit\u00e4t Koblenz-Landau, 2015, retrieved on 26.01.2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> of Jewish patients, taking their faith into account.a small clinic soon became a place known throughout Europe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Sayn_Anzeige18840211.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-24418 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Sayn_Anzeige18840211.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Sayn_Anzeige18840211-300x168.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Sayn_Anzeige18840211-768x431.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Advertisement for the clinic in the \u201cIsraelit\u201d, February 11, 1884.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The number of patients rose from 112 (1888) to 174 (1905). Therefore, <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25067'>new buildings<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[44]  \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/www.alemannia-judaica.de\/sayn_anstalt.htm#Aus%20der%20Geschichte%20der%20Jacoby'schen%20Anstalten\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sayn - J\u00fcdische Geschichte \/ Jacoby'sche Anstalten<\/a>\u201c (Sayn - Jewish History), retrieved on26.01.2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> became necessary. After the founder&#8217;s grandchildren fled, the Reich Association of Jews took over the clinic. The new director, Dr. Wilhelm Rosenau, escaped deportation because he lived in a \u201cprivileged mixed marriage\u201d. He survived the war as a stoker on the clinic property, which was now administered by the city of Koblenz. The current owner is the Catholic group of companies <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25071'>Josefs-Gesellschaft<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[45]  Yearly reports of <a href=\"https:\/\/jg-gruppe.de\/jahresbericht-2023-josefs-gesellschaft.pdfx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Josefs-Gesellschaft<\/a>, retrieved on 8.12.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, which operates hospitals, facilities for the disabled, etc.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ulrich Laufer had named his aunt Elisabeth as his next of kin on Australian forms. Her family had managed to flee to the USA: With her husband Max Rosenthal (he was best man at Ella and Kurt&#8217;s wedding), Elisabeth&#8217;s mother Johanna Bockmann and their 19-year-old <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25075'>daughter Gerti<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[46]  US census 1950, via ancestry.de.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, they reached New York on October 3, 1940. The journey had taken them from their last place of residence in Milan <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25078'>via Naples and Lisbon<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[47]  Passenger list of Nea Hellas from 3.10.1940, Application for naturalization in the USA from 27.5.1941, via ancestry.de.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> from August 26, 1940. Max practiced as a lawyer there in 1950, <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25082'>Elisabeth was a secretary<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[48]  US census 1950 loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in an export company; their daughter Gerti no longer appeared as a member of the household.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ulrichs_friend_Max_Schwarz\"><\/span><strong>Ulrich&#8217;s friend: Max Schwarz<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"190\" height=\"325\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/SchwarzMax_Armee.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-24404 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/SchwarzMax_Armee.jpg 190w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/SchwarzMax_Armee-175x300.jpg 175w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 190px) 100vw, 190px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The only known photo of Max is also the picture for his army ID card.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25085'>Max Schwarz<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[49]  Australian Jewish Historical Society, <a href=\"https:\/\/collections.ajhs.com.au\/Detail\/objects\/442177\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">biography Max Schwarz<\/a> (not: Schwartz), retrieved on 5.12.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> was born in Vienna on September 6, 1917. His parents were the railroad official Marcus Schwarz (*1882) and his wife Cilly (*1890), n\u00e9e Krumholz. Both came from Buczacz (Ukraine). Max&#8217;s <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25089'>brother Julius<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[50]  Questionnaire Max Schwarz (F\u00fcrsorge-Zentrale der Kultusgemeinde Wien) from 23.5.1938 via ancestry.de.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> was also born there in 1912. Max graduated from the Elisabeth-Gymnasium in Vienna&#8217;s 5th district in 1936 and began <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25093'>studying medicine<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[51]  Cf. .<a href=\"https:\/\/gedenkbuch.univie.ac.at\/en\/person\/max-schwarz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">entry Max Schwarz<\/a> in \u201eGedenkbuch f\u00fcr die Opfer des Nationalsozialismus an der Uni Wien 1938\u201c (Memory book for Nazi vicgims at Uni Vienna) including parts of his proff of study, retrieved on 08.12.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> at Vienna University in the winter semester of 1936\/1937.<br><br>After the \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25097'>Anschluss<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[52]  Wikipedia (German) about the \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anschluss_%C3%96sterreichs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Anschluss<\/a>\u201c, retrieved on 20.4.2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d of Austria to the Nazi Reich on March 12, 1938<a name=\"_ednref4\" href=\"#_edn4\">[iv]<\/a>, the Nazis fired more than 2,700 members of the university, most of them Jews. This also happened to Max after his third semester. Like most of them, Max decided to emigrate. Fellow sufferers included the older medical student Peter Huppert and the chemist Friedrich Eirich. They were among those who managed to escape to England. All three were deported from there on the HMT Dunera to Australia.<br><br>In the questionnaire for the Jewish emigration department, he named New York, North and South America or Palestine as possible destinations. His <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25101'>uncle Max Schwarz<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[53]  Questionnaire loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> and cousins from his mother&#8217;s side of the family were already living in New York.<br><br>Of the 9,180 students in the winter semester of 1937\/38, 3,855 had to leave the University of Vienna; 2,230 of them were Jewish. Like Max, many managed to escape. But 90 of them were <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25107'>murdered in the Shoah<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[54]  Universit\u00e4t Wien, \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/geschichte.univie.ac.at\/de\/artikel\/vertreibung-von-lehrenden-und-studierenden-1938#:~:text=Von%20den%209.180%20Studierenden%20der,im%20Zuge%20der%20Shoah%20ermordet.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vertreibung von Lehrenden und Studierenden 1938<\/a>\u201c (Expulsion of teachers and students in 1938), retrieved on 10.5.2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Escape_to_England\"><\/span>Escape to England<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Max Schwarz&#8217;s first station in exile was <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25114'>Kitchener Camp<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[55]  Kitchener Camp. <a href=\"https:\/\/kitchenercamp.co.uk\/list-of-names\/#S\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Refugees in Britain in 1939<\/a>, registry. Retrieved on 17.5.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> on the British Channel coast, where he worked in the kitchen. He was registered in Kingston (Surrey) on the occasion of the census in September 1939. He was arrested there on June 25, 1940. Two weeks later, he was deported to Australia on the Dunera. In Australia, he first named his father Marcus in Vienna as his contact person, and then his brother Julius in Damascus (Syria). <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25120'>Julius<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[56]  Questionnaire loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> later went to the USA. Max&#8217;s father Marcus Schwarz was deported by the Nazis to the Opole ghetto on February 15, 1941 and died in 1942. Only 28 of the 2,003 Jews from Vienna who were deported there survived the liberation. Nothing is known about the fate of his mother Cilly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ulrich_and_Max_Deportations_overseas\"><\/span><strong>Ulrich and Max: <\/strong>Deportations overseas<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Victims of the Churchill government&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/british-deportationspart-2-2\/\">xenophobic policies<\/a> included around 10,000 men who were deported overseas on five overcrowded ships between June 24 and July 10, 1940. They were mostly German and Austrian refugees, but also a small number of prisoners of war, civilian internees, businessmen and members of the merchant navy of the enemy states, as well as Britons of Italian descent, who Britain got rid of by deporting them to Canada and Australia. Tens of thousands of people, including women and children, were put behind bars in England, including in camps on the Isle of Man. Churchill treated the natural allies of the Allies like criminals.<br><br>Almost 800 men died on July 2, 1940 when the <em><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/arandora-starpart-1\/\">Arandora Star<\/a><\/em>, the <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/british-deportationspart-2\/\">second internment ship<\/a>, was sunk. Around 450 survivors, including German Nazis and Italian Fascists, were sent on a voyage from Liverpool on July 10, 1940 on the <em>HMT Dunera<\/em>, along with 2,000 Jews and Nazi opponents. Only after many days on board and in tropical waters did they realize that their destination was not \u2013 as many were promised \u2013 Canada, but Australia. After <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-1\/\">57 days of horror<\/a>, during which the internees were harassed and systematicly robbed by guards, the ship arrived in Sydney.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Behind_barbed_wire_in_Australia\"><\/span><strong>Behind barbed wire in Australia<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"542\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/HutCaptainHeinzDehn-1024x542.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-193 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/HutCaptainHeinzDehn-1024x542.webp 1024w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/HutCaptainHeinzDehn-300x159.webp 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/HutCaptainHeinzDehn-768x407.webp 768w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/HutCaptainHeinzDehn.webp 1052w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ulrich Laufer drew this caricature of Heinz Dehn&#8217;s activities as hat captain and in the camp council in 1941 on the occasion of the transfer of internees from Hay to Tatura. Source: Dehn family archive.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Around 2,000 men were transported from the port area to two camps near the railroad terminus at Hay in the state of New South Wales. Ulrich Laufer was sent to <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25126'>Camp 8<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[57]  \u201cReport on Internee\u201c Ulrich Laufer, NAA_ItemNumber9906530.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. It is not known when he and Max Schwarz met and became friends. Max was placed in <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25130'>Compound II of Camp 7 near Hay (Hut 24)<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[58]  \u201cReport on Internee\u201c Max Schwarz, NAA_ItemNumber9907139. And List of internees of Camp 7 Hay Compound II, who refused to have their names passed on to the Red Cross. In NAA_ItemNumber390299, page 26f.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. These camps were evacuated in mid-1941 and the internees were transferred to Camp Tatura 2. If Ulrich and Max had not already met on the <em>Dunera<\/em>, they may have met again in Tatura.<br><br>Ulrich&#8217;s British file card states &#8220;<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25203'>to be released<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[59]  Ulrich Laufer, files of Home Office.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in Australia \u2026 25.1.1941&#8243;. The fact that this release was not carried out in 1941 may have been due to <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/991-per-cent-british\/\">Australia&#8217;s policy<\/a> of preventing the release of internees on its territory. On the other hand, traveling by ship during the war was dangerous.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"294\" height=\"378\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/LauferUlrich_Weihnachtskarte.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-24397 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/LauferUlrich_Weihnachtskarte.jpg 294w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/LauferUlrich_Weihnachtskarte-233x300.jpg 233w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 294px) 100vw, 294px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Everyday scene in the internment camp &#8211; caricatured by Ulrich Laufer.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:60%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile is-vertically-aligned-bottom\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"378\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/LauferUlrich_Hut6_VictorianCollection.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-24401 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/LauferUlrich_Hut6_VictorianCollection.png 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/LauferUlrich_Hut6_VictorianCollection-300x227.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ulrich Laufer (kneeling) and his comrades of hut 6.<br>Source: Victorian Collection, public domain.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Life in all the camps was bordered by three rows of barbed wire. The internees kept up their courage and will to live. They organized sports teams, music and theater performances. The camp university also taught the basics of artistic activity. It can be speculated that Ulrich Laufer used this to deepen his artistic skills &#8211; perhaps in the direction of caricature. The sheet on which Ulrich Laufer caricatures <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/heinz-dehn\/\">Heinz Dehn&#8217;s <\/a>work on the camp council is a practical expression of this. A card for <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/erich-tichauer\/\">Erich Tichauer<\/a>, a group portrait and the Christmas card, on which Laufer depicts an internee with a mosquito net watering a flower bed, also have ironic features. The staff of Barrack 6 in Camp Tatura 2 were also \u201cvictims\u201d of his drawing pencil; he also immortalized himself in the picture &#8211; drawing the group.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"950\" height=\"395\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/KarteTichauer_Laufer.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-24391\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/KarteTichauer_Laufer.jpg 950w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/KarteTichauer_Laufer-300x125.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/KarteTichauer_Laufer-768x319.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 950px) 100vw, 950px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<p class=\"caption wp-block-paragraph\">Card for Erich Tichauer, who directed the Jewish choir at Camp Tatura 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br><br><br>Dear reader, only a few works by Ulrich Laufer are known to us. We look forward to receiving any information about other works and your <a href=\"mailto:peter@dunera.de\">e-mail<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By the spring of 1942, at least half of the German and Austrian refugees took the opportunity to enlist in the British engineer troops or to support the Allies in England in other ways. The dissolution of the camps near Tatura from the spring of 1942 was linked to the desire of most of the internees remaining there to settle in Australia. This had <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/991-per-cent-british\/\">long been refused<\/a> by racist governments. Internees were only accepted when conscription into the army in the spring of 1942 created a high demand for labor. As a result, a later right of residence or citizenship was linked to the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25134'>more or less voluntary obligation<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[60]  Cf. Minute of the General-Adjudant to Australian Parliarment from 29.3.1946. NAA_ItemNumber4938132, page 28, point d.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> to join the Australian army. However, Ulrich Laufer and his friend Max Schwarz did not decide to take this step until much later. They were therefore only released from internment in May 1943.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Labor_soldiers_in_Australian_uniform\"><\/span><strong>Labor soldiers in Australian uniform<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The German and Austrian internees, including Laufer and Schwarz, were grouped together in the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25140'>8th Australian Employment Company<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[61]  The unit existed from April 1942 to January 1946 . War diary of th 8<sup>th<\/sup> Australian Employment Company, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.awm.gov.au\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Australian War Memorial<\/a>, AWM52-22-1-17, parts 1 to 10.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. One of the main tasks of this unarmed work unit was loading work in the port of Melbourne and the reloading of weapons, ammunition and other goods between <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25143'>trains of different gauges<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[62]  The Australian states had not agreed on a common track gauge. It was not until 2009 that the broad gauge track was abandoned from the Albury (state of New South Wales) to Seymour (Victoria). See Wikipedia on <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rail_gauge_in_Australia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rail gauges in Australia<\/a>, retrieved on 20.4.2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in the border area of the states of New South Wales and Victoria. \u201cWe are defending the 70th defense line\u201d, <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/franz-lebrecht\/\">Franz Lebrecht<\/a> had commented ironically; like many of his comrades the <a href=\"\/en\/?p=21570\"><em>Queen Mary<\/em> internee<\/a> would have preferred to face the Nazis with a gun, like many interned anti-Fascists.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"770\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/8aec_heraldik_Wittenberg-.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15558\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/8aec_heraldik_Wittenberg-.png 800w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/8aec_heraldik_Wittenberg--300x289.png 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/8aec_heraldik_Wittenberg--768x739.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"caption wp-block-paragraph\">Kurt Wittenberg created an emblem for the 8th Employment Company.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/2023_TocumwalBahnhof_Dehn.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-24448 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/2023_TocumwalBahnhof_Dehn.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/2023_TocumwalBahnhof_Dehn-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/2023_TocumwalBahnhof_Dehn-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A freight train stops in Tocumwal. The station lost its role when a uniform track gauge was introduced. Photo: Dehn.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ulrich (V510654) und Max (V510653), who had been given consecutive service numbers, were posted to <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25149'>Tocumwal station<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[63]  The standardization of the track gauge in New South Wales and Victoria significantly reduced the role of the reloading stations and former operating locations of Tocumwal and Albury. Today there is only one track in Tocumwal. The station building houses a railroad museum and is a listed building.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (New South Wales). The station [photo station today] is only a short distance from the Murray River, which forms the southern border of the town and the state. The other bank lies on the territory of Victoria. At the time, the river offered one of the few recreational opportunities for the soldiers. However, swimming was not without danger. Ulrich Laufer and Max Schwarz sought to cool off by swimming in Australia&#8217;s hot summer. They drowned in the Murray River on the afternoon of December 30, 1943.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Death_in_Murray_River\"><\/span>Death in Murray River<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Australian army set up a <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25153'>court martial<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[64]  The medical military file of Max Schwarz (erroneously Schwartz) contains the investigation files of the court martial, also concerning Ulrich Laufer, NAA_ItemNumber31554061.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> to determine the cause of death. Schwarz had called for help, reported the soldier Kurt S\u00fcsskind. Both comrades had been carried downstream by the current and then drowned. He had tried in vain to get help quickly. The soldier Hans Hirschberg heard the cries for help, borrowed a boat and searched in vain for his comrades in the current.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When the company commander, Major Broughton, heard about the incident, he sent a search party to the shore, which remained active until nightfall. The search continued over the next two days. On the morning of January 1, he learned that the body of Ulrich Laufer had been found, Broughton testified. A little later he received the news that the body of Max Schwarz had been seen about 5 miles away.<br><br>Ulrich Siegmund Laufer was buried \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25157'>with military honors<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[65]  War diary loc.cit., vol. 8 page 2.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d at the Tocumwal cemetery on the evening of January 1, 1944 at around 7:30 pm.<br><br>He himself and a group of soldiers had recovered the body of Max Schwarz, Major Broughton stated. Corresponding entries are made in the unit&#8217;s <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25160'>war diary<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[66]  Ibid, vol.\u00a0 7, page 96.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> on December 30 and 31, 1943.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"658\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Laufer_Schwarz_LeavePasses.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-24429 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Laufer_Schwarz_LeavePasses.png 800w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Laufer_Schwarz_LeavePasses-300x247.png 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Laufer_Schwarz_LeavePasses-768x632.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The leave passes are archived in the file of the military court.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"710\" height=\"700\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Laufer_Schwarz_Grabsteine.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-24434 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Laufer_Schwarz_Grabsteine.png 710w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Laufer_Schwarz_Grabsteine-300x296.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 710px) 100vw, 710px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"caption wp-block-paragraph\">Ulrich Laufer and Max Schwarz were buried next to each other in the Tocumwal cemetery.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Max Schwarz was buried there <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25163'>next to Ulrich Laufer<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[67]  Ibid.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> on January 2. This was carved on his gravestone: &#8220;May your soul rest in peace. Gone but not forgotten.&#8221;<br><br>The coroner found that both had died from drowning due to a lack of oxygen. It was an <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25167'>accident<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[68]  Court martial in army files Schwarz loc.cit., page 10.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> that had occurred \u201cindependently of the conditions of service\u201d, the military court concluded the investigation.<br><br>In the order of the day on January 6, Captain Broughton prohibited bathing in the Murray River except under the supervision of competent persons or specially appointed military personnel.<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25171'>bathing in the Murray River<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[69]  War diary loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.&nbsp;<br><br>The only dead PTE&#8217;s of the 8th Australian Employment Company are commemorated today by an entry on the Roll of Honor of the Fallen Australian Soldiers at the Australian War Memorial, Canberra (photo Dehn).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"250\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Laufer_Schwarz_Ehrentafel-1024x250.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-24380\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Laufer_Schwarz_Ehrentafel-1024x250.png 1024w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Laufer_Schwarz_Ehrentafel-300x73.png 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Laufer_Schwarz_Ehrentafel-768x188.png 768w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Laufer_Schwarz_Ehrentafel.png 1412w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The commander of the 8th Employment Company was <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25180'>Captain Edward \u201cTip\u201d Broughton<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[70]  A detailed biography of the popular officer was published by Dunera Boy Klaus Loewald in the Australian Dictionary of Biography, retrieved on 5.5.2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. The half-Maori was very committed to his soldiers and became a father figure, especially for the younger ones. Dunera Boy and army comrade Walter Pollak, who, like Max Schwarz, came from Vienna, recalled a later <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-25184'>conversation<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[71]  Walter Pollak \u201eCaptain E.R.M. Broughton\u201c in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.duneraassociation.com\/duneranews\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dunera News no. 24<\/a> (June 1992), page 7, retrieved on 16.11.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> with the officer about the death of the two comrades:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">&#8220;This accident affected me more than I can tell you. Two young men who went through the trauma of beeing torn from their families as youngsters, shipped off to a strange country, interned for 2 1\/2 years and finally, before getting to know the beauty of life, ended up as 2 bloated corpses on the river banks.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"362\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/MajorBoroughton_byHarryjay.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-24783\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/MajorBoroughton_byHarryjay.jpg 362w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/MajorBoroughton_byHarryjay-217x300.jpg 217w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 362px) 100vw, 362px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"caption wp-block-paragraph\">Edward Renata (Tip) Muhunga Broughton (1884 \u20131955). Photo: Harry Jay.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Acknowledgments:<\/strong> We would like to thank Sarah from the volunteer team who handles archive requests at World Jewish Relief and A.H. Parker&#8217;s niece Sheena Ashby. Both supported the research on Ulrich Laufer&#8217;s short time in Britain with valuable information and documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Footnotes\"><\/span>Footnotes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>show<\/summary>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A young artist and a budding doctor &#8211; a tragic end for two Dunera 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