{"id":23220,"date":"2025-04-21T08:46:00","date_gmt":"2025-04-21T06:46:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/?p=23220"},"modified":"2025-04-22T14:41:47","modified_gmt":"2025-04-22T12:41:47","slug":"three-ship-stories","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/three-ship-stories\/","title":{"rendered":"Three Ship Stories"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.elementor-1802 .elementor-element.elementor-element-13f34640{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;border-style:none;--border-style:none;--border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;--margin-top:0px;--margin-bottom:0px;--margin-left:0px;--margin-right:0px;--padding-top:60px;--padding-bottom:60px;--padding-left:5px;--padding-right:5px;}.elementor-1802 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data-widget_type=\"loop-carousel.post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper elementor-loop-container elementor-grid\" role=\"list\" dir=\"ltr\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-wrapper\" aria-live=\"off\">\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-12420\">.elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-561538b{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:calc( ( 1 - var( --container-widget-flex-grow ) ) * 100% );--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--justify-content:center;--align-items:center;--gap:0px 0px;--row-gap:0px;--column-gap:0px;--background-transition:0.3s;border-style:solid;--border-style:solid;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;--border-top-width:1px;--border-right-width:1px;--border-bottom-width:1px;--border-left-width:1px;border-color:var( --e-global-color-1137004 );--border-color:var( --e-global-color-1137004 );--border-radius:50% 50% 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.elementor-element.elementor-element-2672384 .elementor-button-content-wrapper{flex-direction:row-reverse;}.elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2672384 .elementor-button{font-family:\"Satoshi\", Sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:400;fill:var( --e-global-color-f898366 );color:var( --e-global-color-f898366 );background-color:#61CE7000;border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2672384 .elementor-button:hover, .elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2672384 .elementor-button:focus{color:var( --e-global-color-187c9d2 );}.elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2672384 .elementor-button:hover svg, .elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2672384 .elementor-button:focus svg{fill:var( --e-global-color-187c9d2 );}.elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2672384 > .elementor-widget-container{margin:5px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;--e-transform-translateY:10px;}\/* Start custom CSS for theme-post-title, class: .elementor-element-9084d7b *\/.swiper-heading h3:hover{\n    color: #D45847 !important;\n}\/* End custom CSS *\/\n\/* Start custom CSS for container, class: .elementor-element-561538b *\/.elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-561538b{\n    aspect-ratio: 1\/1\n}\n\n.elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-561538b:hover *{\n    color: #D45847 !important;\n}\n\n.elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-561538b{\n    max-width: 300px;\n}\/* End custom CSS *\/<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-29998 post-29998 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-no-3-troop-no-10-inter-allied-commando tag-x-commando\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">X Commando \u2013 Taking up Arms Against Fascism<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/x-commando-enemy-aliens-on-the-front-lines\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-24176 post-24176 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-australien-2 tag-nazis-in-tatura-en tag-queen-mary-internierte-2 tag-tatura-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A &#8220;Jewish Mutiny&#8221;?<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/a-jewish-mutiny\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-23737 post-23737 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-australia tag-lical-internees tag-nazis-in-tatura-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u201cThe German salute is your duty\u201d<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-german-salute-is-your-duty\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-23220 post-23220 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-arnold-bernstein-en tag-exil-en tag-holocaust-en tag-mv-abosso-en tag-ulrich-a-boschwitz-en tag-waroonga-en tag-westernland-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Three Ship Stories<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/three-ship-stories\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-21689 post-21689 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-australia tag-exil-en tag-exile tag-great-britain tag-internment tag-queen-mary-en tag-singapore tag-tatura-en tag-united-kingom\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&#8220;&#8230; hurts our very innermost&#8221;<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/hurts-our-very-innermost\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-21570 post-21570 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-deportation-en tag-gerhard-seefeld-en tag-italian-internees tag-queen-mary-en tag-singapore tag-tatura-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">From Singapore \u201cunder British protection\u201d<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/from-singapore-under-british-protection\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-20548 post-20548 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-arandora-star-en tag-arandora-star-en tag-australia tag-deportation-en tag-dunera-en tag-england-en tag-exil-en tag-holocaust-en tag-internment tag-italiener-2\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Arandora Star <br>Part 3<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/arandora-star-part-3\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-20087 post-20087 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-exil-en tag-felix-nussbaum-2 tag-holocaust-en tag-j-stamp tag-judenstempel-en tag-persecution tag-sweden tag-switzerland\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The &#8220;J&#8221;-Stamp<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-j-stamp\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-16216 post-16216 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-aktionsjuden-en tag-anti-semitism tag-buchenwald-concentration-camp tag-dachau-concentration-camp tag-faschism tag-franz-lebrecht-en tag-holocaust-en tag-judenaktion-en tag-night-of-broken-glass tag-pogrom-en tag-rath-jews tag-sachsenhausen-concentration-camp\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&#8220;Aktionsjuden&#8221;<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/aktionsjuden\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-15412 post-15412 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-bombay-en tag-exil-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-paretzkin-en tag-sonnenfeldt-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&#8220;Dumped&#8221; in Bombay<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/dumped-in-bombay\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-14851 post-14851 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-buchenwald-concentration-camp tag-dachau-concentration-camp tag-exil-en tag-leon-gottlieb-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&#8220;Sympathy and human kindness&#8221;<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/sympathy-and-human-kindness\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-8727 post-8727 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-australia tag-camp-hay-en tag-internment\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">An appeal made by internees<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/an-appeal-made-by-internees\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-14865 post-14865 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-8th-australian-employment-company-en tag-australia tag-internment tag-paul-r-bartrop tag-white-australia-policy\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&#8220;99,1 per cent british&#8221;<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/991-per-cent-british\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-11996 post-11996 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-aktionsjuden-en tag-buchenwald-concentration-camp tag-csr-en tag-dachau-concentration-camp tag-holocaust-en tag-munich-agreement tag-neville-chamberlain-en tag-sachsenhausen-concentration-camp\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The \u201eFall Gr\u00fcn\u201c<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-fall-gruen\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10633 post-10633 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-abraham-flieder-en tag-buchenwald-concentration-camp tag-holocaust-en tag-jews-from-poland tag-judenaktion-en tag-polenaktion-en tag-zbaszyn-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The &#8220;Polenaktion&#8221;<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-polenaktion\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10153 post-10153 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-buchenwald-concentration-camp tag-dachau-concentration-camp tag-exil-en tag-leon-gottlieb-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&#8220;Two Years in Nazi concentration camps&#8221;<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/two-years-in-nazi-concentration-camps\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-12689 post-12689 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-british-deportations category-history tag-arandora-star-en tag-churchill-en tag-deportations tag-exil-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-united-kingom\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">British deportations<br>Part 1<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/british-deportationspart-2-2\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-12555 post-12555 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-british-deportations category-history tag-arandora-star-en tag-churchill-en tag-deportations tag-exil-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-united-kingom\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">British deportations<br>Part 2<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/british-deportationspart-2\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-12910 post-12910 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-british-deportations category-history tag-arandora-star-en tag-churchill-en tag-deportations tag-exil-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" 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elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/arandora-starpart-1\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-12387 post-12387 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-arandora-star-en category-history tag-arandora-star-en tag-australia tag-dunera-en tag-exil-en tag-holocaust-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" 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2<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/arandora-star-part-2\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-prev\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Previous\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-chevron-left\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M646 125C629 125 613 133 604 142L308 442C296 454 292 471 292 487 292 504 296 521 308 533L604 854C617 867 629 875 646 875 663 875 679 871 692 858 704 846 713 829 713 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Boschwitz inspired a study of the two ships that proved fateful for him and his traveling companions on their way to England. Like the <em>Abosso<\/em>, the <em>Waroonga<\/em> was sunk in the North Atlantic months later with another group of internees on board. Brief biographical details commemorate the internees who became victims of the Nazi navy at sea. As it turned out, the shipping company of the <em>Westernland<\/em>, on which Boschwitz completed the first part of the voyage, also has an interesting history that touches on Jewish themes.<\/p>\n<cite><em>Peter Dehn April 2025<\/em>.<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">In this article:<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/three-ship-stories\/#The_Westernland_and_her_Jewish_shipowner_Arnold_Bernstein\" >The Westernland and her Jewish shipowner Arnold Bernstein<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/three-ship-stories\/#Transfer_to_death\" >Transfer to death<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/three-ship-stories\/#The_end_of_the_Waroonga_%E2%80%93_An_eyewitness_account\" >The end of the Waroonga &#8211; An eyewitness account<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/three-ship-stories\/#The_third_attack_with_torpedoes\" >The third attack with torpedoes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/three-ship-stories\/#The_Lists_of_names\" >The Lists of names<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/three-ship-stories\/#Footnotes\" >Footnotes<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p>Major Julian Layton, the British government liaison officer in Australia, initially began recruiting volunteers for service in British engineer units and organizing their transport to England in April 1941. Australia&#8217;s <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-23239'>Defense Minister Forde<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[1]  \u201eWar Cabinet Agendum. Treatment of Overseas Internees\u201c, F.M. Forde, Minister of the Army, on Nov 11, 1941 . Quoted from Paul R. Bartrop\/Gabrielle Eisen \u201eThe Dunera Affair\u201c, Australia 1990, page 112f.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> drew up an interim balance sheet in November 1941. He gave the number of internees at that time as 2,083. However, this figure also included the 272 German refugees and Italians who were brought to Australia from <a href=\"\/en\/?p=21570\">Singapore<\/a>, many of whom were women and small children. The cases of 1,367 people are still unresolved, according to Forde. Not included, however, was an undisclosed number of men who had already been sent to England for military service or other war-related tasks.<br><br>Numerous transports brought internees to the British Isles between 1941 and mid-1942. On the <em>Stirling Castle<\/em> alone, 378 Germans and Austrians and 10 Italians traveled from Sydney to Liverpool, where they arrived on <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-23242'>November 28, 1941<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[2]  List of passengers via ancestry.de, retrieved Dec 20, 2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<br><br>The transport to which Ulrich Boschwitz was assigned months later comprised only <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-23245'>43 internees<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[3]  National Archives of Australia, list of names in NAA_ItemNumber216019, pages 167\/168, retrieved March 15, 025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, including seven Italians. They set off for England on the <em>Westernland<\/em> at the beginning of September. Why the group was taken off the ship in Cape Town is just as unclear as the exact duration of their stay there.<br><br>So much for the first stage of that transport and the fatal end for 361 people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Westernland_and_her_Jewish_shipowner_Arnold_Bernstein\"><\/span><strong>The <em>Westernland<\/em> and her Jewish shipowner Arnold Bernstein<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Some \u201cside research\u201d into the <em>Westernland<\/em> brought to light a few things about the history of its shipping company that seem interesting &#8211; albeit marginally &#8211; for this website.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>The Jewish German-American Arnold Bernstein (1888 &#8211; 1971) moved with his parents from his native city of Breslau to Hamburg. There he ran the trading business \u201cArnold Bernstein in Hamburg\u201d with his father. He took part in the First World War as a lieutenant in the artillery and was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class. In 1919, he founded the shipping company Arnold Bernstein, which was later renamed Arnold Bernstein Schiffahrtsgesellschaft. In 1928, he founded a other company in New York.<br><br>The core of Bernstein&#8217;s business model was the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-23248'>transportation of cars<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[4]  Wikipedia about car <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autotransporter_(Schiffstyp)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transportation with ships<\/a> (German), retrieved March 20, 2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> between the USA and Europe in \u201cfloating garages\u201d. From 1922, he took over the former armored ships of the Imperial Navy <em>Odin<\/em> and <em>\u00c4gir<\/em> and initially converted them for the transport of locomotives to Russia and Spain. A further conversion took place in 1924 to transport 220 and 320 new Ford Model T cars respectively from Copenhagen to Malm\u00f6, Oslo and Helsinki. In 1925, another ship with a capacity of 80 cars was converted.<br><br>For the first time, Bernstein shipped the cars unpacked instead of in the usual wooden crates of the time, which reduced freight costs. The main deck of the <em>Odin<\/em>, for example, was roofed over and given a ramp so that the cars could drive to the parking area under their own power. An elevator led to the lower decks. In the first year, Bernstein is said to have transported 18,000 cars in this way. To optimize the route from the factory to the port, Bernstein also used special railroad wagons. He soon also transported tractors and US cars to Europe. \u201cHe can be considered a pioneer of the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-23254'>Roll on \/ Roll off<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[5]  \u201eGrosser Kurf\u00fcrst\u201c, <a href=\"https:\/\/ww2.dsm.museum\/auto\/html\/grosser_kurfurst.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deutsches Schifffahrtsmuseum<\/a> about car transportation on ships, retrieved March 8, 2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (RoRo) transportation that is taken for granted today.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"353\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Westernland.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-22739 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Westernland.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Westernland-300x212.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>The freighter was christened <em><span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-23251'>RMS Regina<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[6]  Wikipedia about <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Westernland_(Schiff,_1917)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Westernland<\/a> (German), retrieved Jan 18, 2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> in 1917, but was already used as a passenger ship in 1920 for 600 first class passengers and 1,700 second class passengers. The 183.1 meter long ship with 16,313 GRT reached a top speed of 15 knots (28 km\/h). From 1929 it ran for the Red Star Line, which renamed her <em>Westernland<\/em> in 1930. In 1935 the Belgian shipping company was taken over by Arnold Bernstein. After the \u201cAryanization\u201d in 1939, the ship was sold, later taken over by the British Navy and, after further sales, scrapped in 1947.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>This only worked well until the Great Depression of 1929. Now Bernstein had the transport steamers converted into passenger ships. But here, too, he went against traditional shipping company concepts: Bernstein only offered his passengers a tourist class.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"338\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Atlantic_Bernstein_jmb.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-22742 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Atlantic_Bernstein_jmb.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Atlantic_Bernstein_jmb-300x203.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>Arnold Bernstein onboard the <em>Atlantic<\/em>. Coloured photo omn cardboard; J\u00fcdisches Museum Berlin no 2007\/35\/268.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>In an effort to increase the emigration of Jews to Palestine, he founded the Palestine Shipping Co. Ltd. in Haifa in 1934 together with Zionists and after difficult negotiations with the Nazi authorities. In 1935, he took over the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-23258'>Red Star Line<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[7]  Wikipedia about <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Red_Star_Line\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Red Star Line<\/a> (German), retrieved March 10, 2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> and with it the <em>Westernland<\/em>. It was converted into a single-class ship for 486 tourist class passengers. In 1937, Arnold Bernstein employed 1,000 seamen on around 30 ships. He thus ran one of the largest Jewish companies in Germany. Then the Nazis set their sights on the successful entrepreneur.<br><br>A very zealous Nazi public prosecutor named <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-23261'>Heinrich Jauch<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[8]  Wikipedia about <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jauch_(Hanseatengeschlecht)#Heinrich_Jauch,_Erster_Staatsanwalt_zu_Hambug\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Heinrich Jauch<\/a> (German),\u00a0<span class=\"Y2IQFc\" lang=\"en\">who is said to have handed down most of the death sentences against resistance members in Hamburg until 1937, retrieved March 15, 2025.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> charged Bernstein with a foreign exchange offense. However, his democratically-minded defense attorney <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-23264'>Gerd Bucerius<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[9]  Wikipedia about <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gerd_Bucerius\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gerd Bucerius<\/a> (German).\u00a0<span class=\"Y2IQFc\" lang=\"en\">After the war he was the founding editor of the weekly newspaper \u201cDie Zeit\u201d. Retrieved March 15, 2025.<\/span><span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> was unable to prevent Arnold Bernstein from being found guilty and imprisoned. In 1938, the Arnold Bernstein Schiffahrtsgesellschaft was renamed Red Star Line. Palestine Shipping was dissolved. The Jewish name had thus disappeared from Hamburg&#8217;s maritime life.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Arnold Bernstein was released from prison in July 1939 and allowed to leave for the USA. There he founded further shipping companies in 1940 and 1957, before retiring from the business in 1959. He died in Palm Beach in 1971.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Transfer_to_death\"><\/span><strong>Transfer to death<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ulrich Boschwitz and his comrades had to wait until October 8, 1942, when the <em>MV Abosso<\/em>, bound for Liverpool, set sail from Cape Town. Although they were traveling as free men, they were supervised by 19 non-commissioned officers &#8211; reportedly at the captain&#8217;s request. Including the crew, there were 392 people on board, including ten women and seven children. Of 84 members of the Dutch army, 34 were to take over a new submarine after completing their training. 44 Australian pilots had just completed their training. The crew had 182 members. It was loaded with 3,000 tons of wool and mailbags.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>The commander of the Dutch submariners, Lieutenant 1st Class Henry C. J. Coumou, had asked the British authorities to place the <em>Abosso<\/em>, which was only 15 knots slow, in a convoy in accordance with the specifications. This was refused &#8211; with dramatic consequences.<br><br>On October 29, 1942, the <em>Abosso<\/em> was therefore a lone vessel about 1,100 kilometers northwest of the Azores Islands in the North Atlantic. There she was spotted by the German <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-23269'>U-575<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[10]  Wikipedia about <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U_575\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U-575<\/a> (German), retrieved Jan 17, 2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. According to the submarine&#8217;s log, Captain Lieutenant G\u00fcnther Heydemann ordered four torpedoes to be fired in a fan from a distance of 1,200 meters at 10:13 pm. Two torpedoes had hit. Because the <em>Abosso<\/em> was still floating despite a considerable list, Heydemann ordered an interception shot. According to his war diary, ten cutters and 15 to 20 rafts were drifting at the sinking site at coordinates 48\u00b0 30&#8242; North, 28\u00b0 50&#8242; West, all allegedly manned by <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-23272'>soldiers in khaki uniforms<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[11]  Wikipedia about the <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abosso_(Schiff,_1935)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Abosso<\/em><\/a> (German), retrieved Jan 17, 2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<br><br>It was not until 36 hours later, on November 2, that the crew of the British warship <em>Bideford<\/em> found only a damaged but still buoyant lifeboat. The 31 people rescued were put ashore in Londonderry. Of them, <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-23275'>Ugo Bonelli<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[12]  List of names in NAA_ItemNumber216019 loc. cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> was the only surviving internee to survive three torpedo attacks after the sinking of the <em>Arandora Star<\/em> and the failed attack on the <em>Dunera<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"322\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Abosso.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-22728 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Abosso.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Abosso-300x193.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>The <em><span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-23277'>MV Abosso<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[13]  Wikipedia about the <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abosso_(Schiff,_1935)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>MV Abosso<\/em><\/a> (German), retrieved Jan 17, 2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> was put into service in 1935 for the British shipping company Elder Dempster &amp; Company for freight and passenger transport. She was 139.29 meters long and was given 11,330 GRT. Two diesel engines brought her to a maximum of 15 knots (28 km\/h). The freighter had 251 first class, 74 second and 332 third class seats. Photo: uboat.net<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Of the guards, only <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-23280'>W.G. Bromley<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[14]  W.G. Bromley in \u201cThe Sunday Times\u201d, letters to the editor, May 11, 1980, page 12. (Dehn archive).<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> survived. He commented from his perspective: \u201cNot only all the ex-internees, but also 18 RAF NCO&#8217;s, were needlessly lost because of the unwarranted suspicion against these harmless and unfortunate ex-internees who never needed a guard.\u201d<br><br>The Nazi naval command noted in its war diary on October 29: &#8220;Of the remaining boats in the North Atlantic, U-575 still reports the sinking of a <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-23283'>single vessel of 5,000 GRT<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[15]  War diaries of German naval command 1939-1945 from Oct 29, 1942, page 627.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in BD 2932 (grid square, the author).\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_end_of_the_Waroonga_%E2%80%93_An_eyewitness_account\"><\/span><strong>The end of the <em>Waroonga<\/em> &#8211; An eyewitness account<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>The freighter with passenger cabins <em>Waroonga<\/em> and equipped as <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-23288'>DEMS<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[16]  DEMS = Defensively Equipped Merchant Ship.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> had set sail from Sydney to Liverpool with 132 people on board on January 30, 1943. The <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-23290'>cargo holds<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[17]  Uboot-Archiv about <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ubootarchiv.de\/ubootwiki\/index.php\/Waroonga\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Waroonga<\/em><\/a> (German), retrieved March 20, 2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> carried 5,000 tons of butter, 1,500 tons of lead, 1,000 tons of tinned meat and 1,000 tons of beef and 218 sacks of mail, among other things. The journey first led to the entrance of the Panama Canal at Balboa, from there <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-23293'>overland to Christobal<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[18]  Stefan Vajda, testimony at Surrey Constabulary Section Leatherhead from May 8, 1943. The National Archives, Kew, HO 214\/71 (Berger\/Daxner archives).<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> and then again by ship via Cuba to New York, where the <em>Waroonga<\/em> departed on March 25 to cross the Atlantic.<br><br>On the final leg, the <em>Waroonga<\/em> was with convoy HX-231 at a position southeast of the southern tip of Greenland. In the late evening of April 4, 1943, the convoy was attacked by six submarines of the Nazi navy. U 635 under Kapit\u00e4nleutnant Heinz Eckelmann sank two ships. The <em>Waroonga<\/em> was also hit.<br><br><span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-23296'>Stefan Vajda reported<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[19]  Ibid.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"238\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Waroonga.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-22733 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Waroonga.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Waroonga-300x143.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>The ship was launched in 1914 as <em><span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-23298'>Hororata<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[20]  Collection list for <a href=\"https:\/\/natlib.govt.nz\/records\/22351666\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Hororata\/Waroonga<\/em><\/a>, National Library of New Zealand, retrieved March 16, 2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> for the New Zealand Shipping Company. In 1939 it sailed as <em>Waroonga<\/em> for the British India Steam Navigation Company on the line from Sydney through the Panama Canal to New York and on to Liverpool. The ship was 161.5 meters long with a tonnage of 9,365 GRT and a top speed of <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-23301'>13.5 knots<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[21]  Uboot-Wiiki about <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ubootarchiv.de\/ubootwiki\/index.php\/Waroonga\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Waroonga<\/em><\/a> (German), retrieved March 20, 2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (25 km\/h). Photo: State Library of New South Wales.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201eWe remainded on the ship, holding our position in the convoi, until 6th April, 1943, when about 4 a.m. the Captain gave the ordert o abandon ship. This was because, as far as I could see, the stern was sinking fast. We all went to our boat stations. (\u2026) The weather at the time was stormy an a very high sea was running. The boats were lowered and it meant jumping from the ship into the lifeboat. Owing tot he high sea this was a diffcult performance, and one of the internees named ROESSLER, a men of about 63 yearas, who told me he lived in the West of London, was too nervous to make the jump. He climbed down the rope ladder and (\u2026) underestimated the movement of the lifeboat. The lifeboat swung towards to the ship before he had the opportunity of alighting in the lifeboat. The crash was severe, we heard the bones in his body crash, and I am certain he was killed instantly. The lifebelt, he was wearing, kept him afloat. (\u2026) We were later picked up by the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-23304'>American Liberty Ship<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[22]  Wikipedia about the <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liberty-Frachter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Liberty Class<\/a> freightships (German), retrieved April 10, 2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> <em>Joel R. Poinsett.<\/em>\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n<p>At 01:58 in the night, U-630 attacked two more ships. Lieutenant Commander Werner Winkler reported two detonations as well as sinking noises, one sinking and one possible sinking. These were the <em>Shillong<\/em> and the <em>Waroonga<\/em>, both of which had previously been damaged by U-635. The sinking of the <em>Waroonga<\/em> took place at 57\u00b0 10&#8242; North and 35\u00b0 30&#8242; West. On the same day, <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-23307'>U-635<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[23]  Uboot Wiki about <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ubootarchiv.de\/ubootwiki\/index.php\/U_635\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U-635<\/a> (German), retrieved March 20, 2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> was sunk with six depth charges by a British aircraft piloted by Gordon R. Hatherly.<br><br>On the morning of April 6, the Navy corvette <em><span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-23310'>HMS Loosestrife (K105)<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[24]  Wikipedia about <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HMS_Loosestrife\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>HMS Loosestrife<\/em><\/a>, retrieved March 20, 2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> and <em>Joel R. Poinsett<\/em> picked up 113 survivors. 11 sailors, one gunner and seven of the 15 passengers remained at sea. Among the casualties were six of the eleven internees. The survivors were brought ashore in Londonderry (Northern Ireland) or Liverpool.<br><br>The German <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-23315'>Naval War Command<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[25]  War diaries of German naval command 1939-1945 from April 3, 1943, page 630.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> noted on April 5, 1943, that the submarines 635, 630, 563, 632, 706 and 560 had &#8220;newly sunk 6 ships out of the convoy of about 30 ships during the night and two more hits are possible&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_third_attack_with_torpedoes\"><\/span><strong>The third attack with torpedoes<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Many interned Germans and Austrians were listed by the Home Office as refugees and many with the Nazi suffix \u201cIsrael\u201d. However, not all of them were Jewish. The fact that eight men from the Abosso group and one man from the <em>Waroonga<\/em> group were arrested and interned from Kitchener Camp also clearly shows that the British authorities were aware that they were not enemies of Great Britain, but Nazi persecutees. The Kitchener Camp was a transit camp for Jews who were taken out of Germany with the help of Jewish organizations and the British government in order to travel on to third countries. Nevertheless, the <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/british-deportationspart-2-2\/\">British tribunals<\/a> had suspected some of these refugees of being Nazis and classified them in category \u201cB\u201d.<br><br>The group that was to travel to freedom on the <em>Westernland<\/em> and then on the <em><span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-23319'>Abosso<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[26]  Telegram, secret and encrypted,\u00a0 including the names of internees in NAA_ItemNumber216019, page 305.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> consisted of 35 Germans and Austrians and eight Italians. On board the <em><span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-23322'>Waroonga<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[27]  Telegram, secret and encrypted,, LHQ Mel to War Office from Feb 3, 1943, NAA_ItemNumber216019 page 101;\u00a0 list of passengers via ancestry.de. Retrieved Feb 20, 2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> were eight Germans and Austrians of Jewish descent and three Italians.<br><br>Like almost all of their interned compatriots, the Italians were not refugees. They were listed as \u201cresidents\u201d, meaning that they had been living in the United Kingdom for more or less a long time. Most of them were naturalized or second-generation British citizens and belonged to the Roman Catholic faith. Nevertheless, after a rather superficial investigation, they were persecuted across the board as enemies of England. All Italians were among the 200 compatriots who had survived the <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/arandora-starpart-1\/\">torpedoing of the <em>Arandora Star<\/em><\/a> eight days before the <em>Dunera<\/em> set sail. The Italian internees of the two return transports were thus torpedoed for the third time.<br><br>It is not known what criteria were used to decide whether or not to deport them. On July 10, 1940, the last of five deportation transports, and the only one to Australia, began on the scandalous ship <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-1\/\"><em>Dunera<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Lists_of_names\"><\/span>The Lists of names<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Internees onboad <em>Abosso<\/em><\/summary>\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p><strong>Adolf Abraham Aftergut<\/strong><br>Born in Frankfurt am Main in 1921. Lived alone in London as a Talmud student and was imprisoned and deported at the age of 19. His mother was able to escape to La Paz, Bolivia.<br><br><strong>Max Baer<\/strong><br>He was one of the youngest Dunera Boys and was born in Mannheim in 1924. In England he called himself a cook&#8217;s apprentice, in Australia a waiter. His parents lived in exile in Shanghai.<br><br><strong>Horst Bassmann<\/strong><br>Born in Insterburg in 1911, the horse dealer and driver came to England via Kitchener Camp (where he helped in the kitchen). In the British records, he is listed with the Nazi additional name \u201cIsrael\u201d, so he was known there as a persecuted Jew. A brother lived in the USA.<br><br><strong>Ernst Curt Borchardt<\/strong><br>was born in Berlin in 1893. He was employed by a photographic company in England. A son of the technical advisor lived in London. The Jewish man had been classified by the British tribunal as category \u201cA\u201d &#8211; in other words, as a Nazi! This was only changed to \u201cC\u201d much later. He was one of the deportees who had previously survived torpedo attacks on the Arandora Star and the Dunera.<br><br><strong><a href=\"\/en\/?p=23049\">Ulrich Boschwitz<\/a><\/strong><br>He was interned in London at the age of 17, where he lived with his mother and studied commercial art.<br><br><strong>Martin Brock<\/strong><br>He was a fashion designer in Berlin, born in 1910. His first stop in England was also the Kitchener Camp. His father lived in the USA.<br><br><strong>Gerhard Cohn<\/strong><br>The textile merchant was born in Ackmenischken (East Prussia) in 1907. In England, he studied law and taught languages. He was also arrested in Kitchener Camp.<strong><br><\/strong><br><strong>Gerhard Noah Daniel<\/strong><br>An engineer, born in 1922. He came from Kitchener Camp to Leeds, where he was arrested. His brother served in the British Army.<br><br><strong>Walter J. Dick<\/strong><br>Born in 1922, an electrician from Augsburg. He had relatives in the USA. Last British address was Kitchener Camp.<br><br><strong>Walter Franken<\/strong><br>Welder from Lechenich (Rhineland), born in 1922. He had relatives in England.<br><br><strong>Adolf Heilbronn<\/strong><br>He was born in Kassel in 1899. In England, he had found accommodation with his brother, sister and mother in Newcastle upon Tyne. They had relatives in South Africa. Was classified as a Nazi sympathizer with a \u201cB\u201d.<br><br><strong>Max Heilbronn<\/strong><br>Adolf&#8217;s older brother was born in 1892. He listed his profession as leather goods dealer and was also classified as a \u201cB\u201d.<br><br><strong>Siegfried Hellmann<\/strong><br>Born in 1909, belt maker. The Nazis imprisoned him in Buchenwald concentration camp (prisoner numbers 26052 and 8852) as part of their \u201c<a href=\"\/en\/?p=16216\">Judenaktion<\/a>\u201d from November 12, 1938 to January 9, 1939. He had a relative in London.<br><br><strong>Hugo Hirsch<\/strong><br>He was born in Hanau am Main in 1895 and was a manufacturer of handbags. His mother lived in London.<br><br><strong>Siegfried Huss<\/strong><br>Another pair of brothers on board the Abosso. They came from Vienna, where the electrician Siegfried was born in 1904. The mother lived in London<br><br><strong>Wilhelm Huss<\/strong><br>The younger brother, born in Vienna in 1906, gave traveling as his profession. He worked for an export company in London.<br><br><strong>Rudolf Henry Karbasch<\/strong><br>The toolmaker and Protestant was born in Vienna in 1923. He was an agricultural apprentice in England. His mother also lived in exile in Britain.<br><br><strong>Werner Hans Katz<\/strong><br>The musician and composer, born in Danzig in 1898, gave \u201cLutheran (Church of England)\u201d as his religion; according to his birth certificate, both parents were Jewish &#8211; which was sufficient reason for the Nazis to persecute him. His last British address in freedom was Kitchener Camp; he had to leave his wife behind in Berlin.<br><br><strong>Julius Mannheimer<\/strong><br>Born in Worms in 1922, he was incarcerated in Buchenwald concentration camp (prisoner number 26934) from November 12 to December 10, 1938 as an \u201c<a href=\"\/en\/?p=16216\">Aktionsjude<\/a>\u201d despite his young age of just 16. He found his way to England via the Netherlands. There he was a farm worker in training before he was arrested in Cheshire.<br><br><strong>Abraham Arno Mendel<\/strong><br>The textile merchant, born in 1905, was one of the Dunera Boys who were arrested in Kitchener Camp and then interned. He had left his wife behind in East Prussia.<br><br><strong>Kurt Oppenheimer<\/strong><br>Born in 1920, the printer was imprisoned in Dachau concentration camp (prisoner number 25138) from November 12 to December 29, 1939 as the youngest of a group of 27 Jews from G\u00f6ppingen. He then managed to get to England, where he was able to start vocational training. He and his family are commemorated by <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-23328'>Stolpersteine<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[28]  In G\u00f6ppingen, Grabenstrasse 8, Stolpersteine were set for <a href=\"https:\/\/stolpersteine-goeppingen.de\/goeppingen\/oppenheimer-kurt\/#:~:text=Auf%20diesem%20Schiff%20sollten%2044,f%C3%BCr%20Kurt%20Oppenheimer%20einen%20Stolperstein.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kurt Oppenheimer and his parents<\/a> Simon and Frida. Retrieved Dec 10, 2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in his hometown of G\u00f6ppingen.<br><br><strong>Siegfried Pereles<\/strong><br>The British documents list the occupation of the man born in F\u00fcrth\/Bavaria in 1900 as shoe salesman. He was imprisoned in Dachau concentration camp until February 16, 1939. The prisoner number 22412 suggests that the Nazis locked him up immediately after the November pogroms. He managed to escape to England, where he was arrested in Kitchener Camp in May 1940.<br><br><strong>Emil Rauchmann<\/strong><br>He was born in Ostrava in 1898 and worked as a district doctor in Velky Pesek (Czech Republic) from 1924 after studying medicine in Prague.<br><br><strong>Moritz Rindsberg<\/strong><br>The metalworker was born in Neumarkt, Bavaria, in 1892. He had a job in England. His mother had managed to escape to the USA.<br><br><strong>Leon Rintel<\/strong><br>The master tailor from Vienna, born in 1913, had to train as a tailor in England in order to get a job. After the Dunera arrived in Sydney, he was treated in hospital before being taken to the Hay camp on September 18, where his brother lived in Jamaica.<br><br><strong>Erich Rosenstock Roseck<\/strong><br>The writer and editor was born in Berlin in 1901. The British tribunal classified him as a Nazi sympathizer in category \u201cB\u201d. The Australian secret service kept a file on him in 1941. His wife had stayed behind in London.<br><br><strong>Berthold Rosenau<\/strong><br>He was born in Frankfurt am Main in 1907 and worked as a photographer.<br><br><strong>Herbert Rosenthal<\/strong><br>He was one of the youngest deportees. The car mechanic was born in Frankfurt am Main in 1924. He was not given the opportunity to travel to his mother&#8217;s relatives in the USA.<br><br><strong>Julius Schechter<\/strong><br>The Talmud student comes from Vienna, where he was born in 1921. He left his mother behind in Vienna.<br><br><strong>Oskar Seltmann<\/strong><br>The Catholic bank employee, born in Mannheim in 1906, described himself as a political refugee in Australia.<br><br><strong>Max Ernst Stanko<\/strong><br>Born in East Prussia in 1913, the welder and electrician was persecuted by the Nazis as a communist. A Catholic, he was one of the internees who were taken off the Dunera in Melbourne with the survivors of the Arandora Star (including many Nazis) and brought to Tatura. He had been wrongly classified as a potential Nazi in category \u201cB\u201d. His release was prevented by the British authorities in January 1942.<br><br><strong>Rudolf Stern<\/strong><br>The student from Cologne was interned by the British at the age of 16.<br><br><strong>Alexis Johann Maria Edler von Vivenot<br><\/strong>The nobleman from Vienna, born in 1909, was Catholic and an Austrian diplomat in England. He did not want to go back after the annexation of Austria and therefore saw himself as a political refugee. A relative, the diplomat Georg Franckenstein, had been elevated to the British peerage and nationalized, but was unable to prevent Alexis&#8217; internment.<br><br><strong>Martin Warschauer<br><\/strong>He was born in 1901 in what is now Poland. In the 1939 British census, he gave his occupation as salesman. He was one of the Jewish refugees who were arrested in Kitchener Camp. He had to leave his wife and daughter behind in Berlin. They were murdered in Auschwitz.<br><br><strong>Otto Weisz<br><\/strong>Salesman from Vienna, born in 1908. His sister lived in Sydney. He had therefore applied for the right of residence in Australia in 1941.<br><br><strong>The Italians<br><br>Ugo Achille Bonelli <\/strong>(survivor)<strong><br><\/strong>He was born in 1908 and came to England as a child, where the family was already registered in Paddington in 1921. His father was a doctor of chemistry. In 1930, Ugo and Emma Cardew Bonelli were registered as voters. He was the only survivor of this group of internees.<br><br><strong>Mario Pietro Depangher<br><\/strong>Born in Trieste in 1917 under Austrian rule, the city was later annexed to Italy and he became Italian in 1918. He was therefore listed in both nationalities and by the British as a fascist in category \u201cA\u201d. In Australia, he listed his profession as student. There he was initially with the Germans in Hay, but then achieved his transfer to the Italians in Tatura.<br><br><strong>Crescenzo Divito<br><\/strong>He was born in Casalattico in 1895. He lived with his wife in Inverkeithing (Scotland), where he ran a pub.<br><br><strong>Guido Gonnella<\/strong><br>was born in Barga\/Tuscany in 1905. He was married to an English woman and worked as a waiter in London.<br><br><strong>Louis Jaconelli<\/strong><br>He was born in Paris in 1912 and settled in Glasgow, where he worked as a hairdresser and was married.<br><br><strong>Riccardo Massarelli<\/strong><br>Born in Pisa in 1882, he was the eldest of the entire group of internees. He married a British woman in 1919, where he lived with his mother and worked as an accountant. He was entitled to vote as a British citizen from at least 1921.<br><br><strong>Colombo Riani<\/strong><br>The professional musician was born in Castelnuovo (Tuscany) in 1889 and lived in Houghton Le Spring, Durham (Scotland). He was married and had four children.<strong><br><\/strong><br><strong>Orlando Ugolini<\/strong><br>was born in 1894. He ran a business in Uphall (Scotland) and was married. He made a will in Australia, a copy of which has been preserved.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"722\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/BaerMax1942_by_FabianErwin-722x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23015 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/BaerMax1942_by_FabianErwin-722x1024.jpg 722w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/BaerMax1942_by_FabianErwin-212x300.jpg 212w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/BaerMax1942_by_FabianErwin-768x1089.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/BaerMax1942_by_FabianErwin.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 722px) 100vw, 722px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>Max Baer, 1942 drawn by Erwin Fabian. Inventory of State Library of New South Wales.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"981\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/RauchmannEmil_by_HofmannRobert.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23018 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/RauchmannEmil_by_HofmannRobert.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/RauchmannEmil_by_HofmannRobert-245x300.jpg 245w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/RauchmannEmil_by_HofmannRobert-768x942.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>Emil Rauchmann, drawn 1942 by Robert Hofmann. Inventory of State Library of New South Wales.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Internees onboard <em>Waroonga<\/em>.<\/summary>\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<p><strong>Hans Bernhard Baer<\/strong><br>He was born in Coburg (Bavaria) in 1921 and studied chemistry. Relatives of his mother lived in the USA.<br><br><strong>Sigmund Berger<br><\/strong>Born in 1885, the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-23332'>pharmacist from Vienna<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[29]  Cf. article by Berger's granson Martin Daxner \u201eDas <a href=\"https:\/\/ku-linz.at\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/Forschung\/Jaegerstaetter-Institut\/Berger_Sigmund.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Leben und Emigrationsschicksal<\/a> des Ebenseer Apothekers Mag. Sigmund Berger\u201c (<span class=\"Y2IQFc\" lang=\"en\">The life and emigration fate of the Ebensee pharmacist Mag. Sigmund Berger<\/span>), retrieved Feb 20, 2025.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> converted to Catholicism in order to get married. He was severely beaten up by SA men in 1938; the Nazis prevented him from receiving medical help. After a suicide attempt, he was taken into \u201cprotective custody\u201d by the Nazis on June 3, 1938. He was \u201cadvised\u201d to divorce his Catholic wife; the pharmacy he ran was \u201caryanized\u201d. He escaped to England, where he was interned on the Isle of Man and deported to Australia on the Dunera. In April 1942, he enlisted in the 8th Australian Employment Company, but was released on December 19, 1942 to travel to England. During a stopover in New York, he was able to meet his daughter briefly &#8211; for the last time.<br><br><strong>Louis Biber<br><\/strong>The Gestapo ordered the \u201cprotective custody\u201d of the tanner and leather dyer, who was born in Vienna in 1905, on May 27, 1938, in order to get rid of a political opponent and a Jew. He was registered in the Dachau concentration camp on June 3, 1938 with prisoner number 15025. In preparation for the <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-fall-gruen\/\">Fall Gr\u00fcn<\/a>, he, like all Jews imprisoned there, was brought to Buchenwald on September 24, 1938 (inmate number 9038). After his release on January 17, 1939, he escaped to England with the help of Jewish organizations and was housed in the Kitchener Camp. From there his further route led to the Dunera and to Australia.<br><br><strong>Ludwig Gelles<br><\/strong>Born in in Vienna in 1922, he studied engineering in London, were his mother lived, as well.<br><br><strong>Max K\u00f6nigsberg<br><\/strong>The hatter and tailor was born in Kielce in 1910 and lived in Berlin. The religion he called \u201cdissident\u201d in Australia. He had to leave his wife behind in Berlin.<br><br><strong>Lazarus Ressler <\/strong>(or Roessler)<strong><br><\/strong>The decorator and painter was born in Tarnow (now Poland) in 1880. He was the oldest of this group of internees. The British had incorrectly and insultingly classified him as a potential Nazi in the \u201cB\u201d category. He had lived in England for a long time and married a British woman in 1920. They had three children.<br><br><strong>Jakob Steinhof<\/strong> (survivor)<br>The shoemaker was born in Vienna in 1921. In Australia he applied for a residence permit while he was being interned in 1941. His mother lived in London.<br><br><strong>Stephan Vajda<\/strong> (survivor)<br>The craftsman and manager was born in Petrozseny (Transylvania; today Romania) in 1904. In Australia he gave the Church of England as his religion.<br><br><strong>The Italians<\/strong><br><br><strong>Giuseppe Crolla<\/strong> (survivor)<br>He was born in Picinisco in 1889. As early as 1919 he was listed as eligible to vote in Glasgow. The Home Office registered him as an innkeeper. He was married.<br><br><strong>Giovanni Gazzano<\/strong> (survivor)<br>He was born in Carcare in 1892 and lived with his family in London.<br><br><strong>Alessandro Pacitti<\/strong> (survivor)<br>He was born in St.Petersburg (Russia) in 1908. According to the electoral rolls, he had been a British citizen eligible to vote since at least 1922. He lived in Glasgow, where he ran a caf\u00e9. His mother also lived there.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"773\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/BergerSigmund_Daxner.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23022 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/BergerSigmund_Daxner.png 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/BergerSigmund_Daxner-194x300.png 194w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>Sigmund Berger in 1942 in the uniform of the Australian Army. Photo: Berger\/Daxner family archive.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Please Note:<\/strong> Unless otherwise noted, all short biographies were researched in the National Archives of Australia NAA and via ancestry.de.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"745\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/DuneraNews100.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23008\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/DuneraNews100.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/DuneraNews100-201x300.jpg 201w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>In 2017, a sculpture was unveiled at the Tatura Museum in <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-23335'>memory of the internees<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[30]  Rebecca Silk, \u201eTatura Memorial Sculpture Unveiling\u201c, in Dunera News no. 100, page 4.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> who were victims of the sinking of the <em>Abosso<\/em> and the <em>Waroonga<\/em>. Jason Huntley designed it based on a memorial that Dunera Boy Robert Felix Emile Braun had created in 1941. It had been erected in memory of the victims of the sinking of the Arandora Star at Camp Tatura 3. Unfortunately, it was destroyed when the camp was abandoned.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Please note:<\/strong> We would like to thank Martin Daxner, Ebensee (Austria), the grandson of Sigmund Berger, for his support.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-a89b3969 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button post-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-align-center wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/arandora-starpart-1\/\">The sinking of Arandora star<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Footnotes\"><\/span>Footnotes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>show<\/summary>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Abosso and the Waroonga were sunk on the way back to England with internees on board. Westernland was also involved in the transport.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":23238,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[188],"tags":[706,206,197,702,444,705,704],"class_list":["post-23220","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","tag-arnold-bernstein-en","tag-exil-en","tag-holocaust-en","tag-mv-abosso-en","tag-ulrich-a-boschwitz-en","tag-waroonga-en","tag-westernland-en"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23220","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23220"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23220\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23238"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23220"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23220"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23220"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}