{"id":20087,"date":"2025-01-28T09:08:00","date_gmt":"2025-01-28T08:08:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/?p=20087"},"modified":"2025-01-25T09:57:08","modified_gmt":"2025-01-25T08:57:08","slug":"the-j-stamp","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-j-stamp\/","title":{"rendered":"The &#8220;J&#8221;-Stamp"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.elementor-1802 .elementor-element.elementor-element-13f34640{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;border-style:none;--border-style:none;--border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;--margin-top:0px;--margin-bottom:0px;--margin-left:0px;--margin-right:0px;--padding-top:60px;--padding-bottom:60px;--padding-left:5px;--padding-right:5px;}.elementor-1802 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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data-widget_type=\"loop-carousel.post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper elementor-loop-container elementor-grid\" role=\"list\" dir=\"ltr\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-wrapper\" aria-live=\"off\">\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-12420\">.elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-561538b{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:calc( ( 1 - var( --container-widget-flex-grow ) ) * 100% );--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--justify-content:center;--align-items:center;--gap:0px 0px;--row-gap:0px;--column-gap:0px;--background-transition:0.3s;border-style:solid;--border-style:solid;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;--border-top-width:1px;--border-right-width:1px;--border-bottom-width:1px;--border-left-width:1px;border-color:var( --e-global-color-1137004 );--border-color:var( --e-global-color-1137004 );--border-radius:50% 50% 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.elementor-element.elementor-element-2672384 .elementor-button-content-wrapper{flex-direction:row-reverse;}.elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2672384 .elementor-button{font-family:\"Satoshi\", Sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:400;fill:var( --e-global-color-f898366 );color:var( --e-global-color-f898366 );background-color:#61CE7000;border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2672384 .elementor-button:hover, .elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2672384 .elementor-button:focus{color:var( --e-global-color-187c9d2 );}.elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2672384 .elementor-button:hover svg, .elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2672384 .elementor-button:focus svg{fill:var( --e-global-color-187c9d2 );}.elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2672384 > .elementor-widget-container{margin:5px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;--e-transform-translateY:10px;}\/* Start custom CSS for theme-post-title, class: .elementor-element-9084d7b *\/.swiper-heading h3:hover{\n    color: #D45847 !important;\n}\/* End custom CSS *\/\n\/* Start custom CSS for container, class: .elementor-element-561538b *\/.elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-561538b{\n    aspect-ratio: 1\/1\n}\n\n.elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-561538b:hover *{\n    color: #D45847 !important;\n}\n\n.elementor-12420 .elementor-element.elementor-element-561538b{\n    max-width: 300px;\n}\/* End custom CSS *\/<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-29998 post-29998 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-no-3-troop-no-10-inter-allied-commando tag-x-commando\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">X Commando \u2013 Taking up Arms Against Fascism<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/x-commando-enemy-aliens-on-the-front-lines\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-24176 post-24176 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-australien-2 tag-nazis-in-tatura-en tag-queen-mary-internierte-2 tag-tatura-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A &#8220;Jewish Mutiny&#8221;?<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/a-jewish-mutiny\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-23737 post-23737 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-australia tag-lical-internees tag-nazis-in-tatura-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u201cThe German salute is your duty\u201d<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-german-salute-is-your-duty\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-23220 post-23220 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-arnold-bernstein-en tag-exil-en tag-holocaust-en tag-mv-abosso-en tag-ulrich-a-boschwitz-en tag-waroonga-en tag-westernland-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Three Ship Stories<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/three-ship-stories\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-21689 post-21689 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-australia tag-exil-en tag-exile tag-great-britain tag-internment tag-queen-mary-en tag-singapore tag-tatura-en tag-united-kingom\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&#8220;&#8230; hurts our very innermost&#8221;<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/hurts-our-very-innermost\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-21570 post-21570 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-deportation-en tag-gerhard-seefeld-en tag-italian-internees tag-queen-mary-en tag-singapore tag-tatura-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">From Singapore \u201cunder British protection\u201d<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/from-singapore-under-british-protection\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-20548 post-20548 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-arandora-star-en tag-arandora-star-en tag-australia tag-deportation-en tag-dunera-en tag-england-en tag-exil-en tag-holocaust-en tag-internment tag-italiener-2\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Arandora Star <br>Part 3<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/arandora-star-part-3\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-20087 post-20087 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-exil-en tag-felix-nussbaum-2 tag-holocaust-en tag-j-stamp tag-judenstempel-en tag-persecution tag-sweden tag-switzerland\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The &#8220;J&#8221;-Stamp<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-j-stamp\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-16216 post-16216 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-aktionsjuden-en tag-anti-semitism tag-buchenwald-concentration-camp tag-dachau-concentration-camp tag-faschism tag-franz-lebrecht-en tag-holocaust-en tag-judenaktion-en tag-night-of-broken-glass tag-pogrom-en tag-rath-jews tag-sachsenhausen-concentration-camp\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&#8220;Aktionsjuden&#8221;<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/aktionsjuden\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-15412 post-15412 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-bombay-en tag-exil-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-paretzkin-en tag-sonnenfeldt-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&#8220;Dumped&#8221; in Bombay<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/dumped-in-bombay\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-14851 post-14851 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-buchenwald-concentration-camp tag-dachau-concentration-camp tag-exil-en tag-leon-gottlieb-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&#8220;Sympathy and human kindness&#8221;<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/sympathy-and-human-kindness\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-8727 post-8727 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-australia tag-camp-hay-en tag-internment\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">An appeal made by internees<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/an-appeal-made-by-internees\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-14865 post-14865 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-8th-australian-employment-company-en tag-australia tag-internment tag-paul-r-bartrop tag-white-australia-policy\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&#8220;99,1 per cent british&#8221;<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/991-per-cent-british\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-11996 post-11996 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-aktionsjuden-en tag-buchenwald-concentration-camp tag-csr-en tag-dachau-concentration-camp tag-holocaust-en tag-munich-agreement tag-neville-chamberlain-en tag-sachsenhausen-concentration-camp\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The \u201eFall Gr\u00fcn\u201c<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-fall-gruen\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10633 post-10633 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-abraham-flieder-en tag-buchenwald-concentration-camp tag-holocaust-en tag-jews-from-poland tag-judenaktion-en tag-polenaktion-en tag-zbaszyn-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The &#8220;Polenaktion&#8221;<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-polenaktion\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10153 post-10153 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history tag-buchenwald-concentration-camp tag-dachau-concentration-camp tag-exil-en tag-leon-gottlieb-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&#8220;Two Years in Nazi concentration camps&#8221;<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/two-years-in-nazi-concentration-camps\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-12689 post-12689 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-british-deportations category-history tag-arandora-star-en tag-churchill-en tag-deportations tag-exil-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-united-kingom\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">British deportations<br>Part 1<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/british-deportationspart-2-2\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-12555 post-12555 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-british-deportations category-history tag-arandora-star-en tag-churchill-en tag-deportations tag-exil-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-united-kingom\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">British deportations<br>Part 2<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/british-deportationspart-2\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-12910 post-12910 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-british-deportations category-history tag-arandora-star-en tag-churchill-en tag-deportations tag-exil-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">British deportations<br>Part 3<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/british-deportationspart-3\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-12081 post-12081 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-arandora-star-en category-history tag-arandora-star-en tag-australia tag-dunera-en tag-exil-en tag-holocaust-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Arandora Star<br>Part 1<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/arandora-starpart-1\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"12420\" class=\"elementor elementor-12420 elementor-1280 elementor-1280 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-12387 post-12387 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-arandora-star-en category-history tag-arandora-star-en tag-australia tag-dunera-en tag-exil-en tag-holocaust-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561538b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"561538b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9084d7b swiper-heading e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9084d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Arandora Star <br>Part 2<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2672384 e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2672384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_translateY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_translateY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/arandora-star-part-2\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\" arrow_right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">visit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-prev\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Previous\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-chevron-left\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M646 125C629 125 613 133 604 142L308 442C296 454 292 471 292 487 292 504 296 521 308 533L604 854C617 867 629 875 646 875 663 875 679 871 692 858 704 846 713 829 713 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The red \u201cJ\u201d stamp in the passports of German and Austrian Jews was not invented there. Neither in Sweden. Nevertheless, both states, which always claimed \u201cneutrality\u201d during the Second World War, have anti-Semitic and xenophobic dirt on them. Even if the red stamp did not grow out of the racist muck there, it was rooted in an agreement between Switzerland and the Nazis in 1938, according to which the passports of German and Austrian Jews were to be specially marked. Switzerland and other countries were able to recognize these refugees at the border and turn them away. In this way, the threat to Swiss and Swedish \u201cpurity\u201d was transformed into a threat to the lives of Jews by the Nazis. Sweden not only went along with the Nazis when it came to the Jewish stamp.<\/p>\n<cite><em>Peter Dehn January 2025.<\/em><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">In this article:<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-j-stamp\/#The_%E2%80%9CJ%E2%80%9D_stamp_%E2%80%93_no_story_of_%E2%80%9Cneutrality%E2%80%9D\" >The &#8220;J&#8221; stamp &#8211; no story of \u201cneutrality\u201d<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-j-stamp\/#Background_and_political_framework\" >Background and political framework<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-j-stamp\/#Switzerland_as_an_%E2%80%9Caccommodating%E2%80%9D_negotiator\" >Switzerland as an \u201caccommodating\u201d negotiator<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-j-stamp\/#A_Swiss_debate\" >A Swiss debate<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-j-stamp\/#From_the_%E2%80%9EJudenstempel%E2%80%9C_%E2%80%A6\" >From the \u201eJudenstempel\u201c &#8230;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-j-stamp\/#%E2%80%A6_to_the_Wannsee_Conference\" >&#8230; to the Wannsee Conference<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-j-stamp\/#Sweden_fears_Jews_more_than_Hitler\" >Sweden fears Jews more than Hitler<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-j-stamp\/#The_incorporation_of_a_racist_element\" >The incorporation of a racist element<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-j-stamp\/#Gold-plated_%E2%80%9Cneutrality%E2%80%9D\" >Gold-plated \u201cneutrality\u201d<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-j-stamp\/#Reappraisal_in_Swedish\" >Reappraisal in Swedish<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-j-stamp\/#Allied_aid_and_50_years_of_inactivity\" >Allied aid and 50 years of inactivity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-j-stamp\/#Footnotes\" >Footnotes<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_%E2%80%9CJ%E2%80%9D_stamp_%E2%80%93_no_story_of_%E2%80%9Cneutrality%E2%80%9D\"><\/span><strong>The &#8220;J&#8221; stamp &#8211; no story of \u201cneutrality\u201d<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe boat is full\u201c became the official <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20119'>asylum doctrine of the Swiss<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[1]  The title of the non-fiction book by <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alfred_A._H%C3%A4sler#Sachb%C3%BCcher\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alfred A. H\u00e4sler<\/a> (1967) and the movie of the same name written and directed by <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Das_Boot_ist_voll\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Markus Imhoof<\/a> (Silver Bear and other prizes at the 1981 Berlinale) became synonymous with the refusal to help asylum seekers, retrieved on 13.11.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> &#8211; all the more so because of the waves of refugees after the \u2018Anschluss\u2019 of Austria and the November pogroms. The entry of political refugees was expressly tolerated. However, a <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20123'>government instruction<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[2]  Helmut Hubacher, Submission to the National Council on \u201cJ-Stamp\u201d of February 1, 1995 in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.parlament.ch\/de\/ratsbetrieb\/suche-curia-vista\/geschaeft?AffairId=19953039\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bulletin of the Swiss National Council<\/a> No. 95.3039, retrieved on Nov 13, 2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> to the cantons stated just as explicitly that \u201cJews were not to be regarded as political refugees\u201d. The policy of only accepting Jews in exceptional cases consigned many persecuted people to the anti-Semitic policies of the Nazis and their \u201cEndl\u00f6sung\u201d (final solution).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Background_and_political_framework\"><\/span><strong>Background and political framework<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In July 1938, an international agreement on how to deal with refugees failed at the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20127'>Evian Conference<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[3]  Wikipedia about the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89vian_Conference\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Evian Conference<\/a>, retrieved on 10.11.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. 31 of the 32 participating states had refused to accept more or any persecuted persons from Germany and Austria. As a result of this failure, countless Jews became victims of the Holocaust.<br><br>Switzerland had taken in 10,000 to 12,000 <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20130'>refugees<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[4]  One of them was the car developer <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/josef-ganz\/\">Josef Ganz<\/a>, who was expelled in 1951.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> by then, the magazine <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20134'>Der Schweizerische Beobachter<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[5]  \u201cDer schweizerische Beobachter\u201d, founded in 1927, campaigns for law and justice. The paper first took a critical look at the country's asylum policy during the Nazi era in 1954.\u201cDer schweizerische Beobachter\u201d, founded in 1927, campaigns for law and justice. The paper first took a critical look at the country's asylum policy during the Nazi era in 1954.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> quotes official documents. \u201cMany in our country feared <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20138'>foreign infiltration<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[6]  Urs Rauber reassesses the 1954 report in \"Judenstempel: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.beobachter.ch\/burger-verwaltung\/judenstempel-korrektur-einer-halbwahrheit-0?srsltid=AfmBOorVBVq_tB9KHFE1JSqTSop4B9-gkr0hz8Zdm2j2eYuxPQkzQoOa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Korrektur einer Halbwahrheit<\/a>\" (Correction of a half-truth), published on 19.3.2001 in the \u201cBeobachter\u201d, especially regarding the responsibility of the former head of the immigration police Rothmund and the \u201cinvention\u201d of the red \u201cJ\u201d stamp, retrieved on 10.11.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> and a strain on the labor market,\u201d says its author Urs Rauber, describing the government&#8217;s reasoning at the time to keep unwanted people out. This did not only apply to German Jews. The door was also slammed shut on Austrian Jews when they tried to save their lives from anti-Semitic persecution in or via Switzerland after the \u201cAnschluss\u201d of their homeland on March 12 and 13, 1938.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-border-color is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-color:#d45847;border-width:4px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);box-shadow:var(--wp--preset--shadow--sharp);flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"504\" height=\"587\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/NussbaumFelix_Selbstportrait.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-19476\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/NussbaumFelix_Selbstportrait.jpg 504w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/NussbaumFelix_Selbstportrait-258x300.jpg 258w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 504px) 100vw, 504px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"caption\">Felix Nussbaum: \u201cSelf-portrait with the Jewish passport\u201d, around 1940. Source: Wikipedia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>An <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20173'>interpretation<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[7]  Claire Deuticke \u201cFelix Nussbaum - Self-Portrait with Jewish Passport\u201d online on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.the-artinspector.de\/post\/felix-nussbaum-selbstbildnis-mit-judenpass\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Art Inspector<\/a>, retrieved on 25.11.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> of the painting: \u201cIn his left hand he is holding his Jewish passport, on which the word Juif &#8211; Jood (Jew) is clearly visible in thick red letters. It is the gesture of identifying oneself, a situation to which Jews were exposed on a daily basis under the National Socialist regime, a situation that could decide between life and death. Felix Nussbaum fixes the viewer with an insistent, almost provocative gaze. The viewer automatically assumes the role of the counterpart, the controller, and thus becomes part of the situation depicted. He is deliberately placed in the position of power of an informer who has the responsibility of life and death and is faced with a decision. In this way, Felix Nussbaum consciously evades the role of victim: it is not he who is cornered and accused, but the viewer who, in his role as controller, is jointly responsible for the suffering of the Jews.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Switzerland_as_an_%E2%80%9Caccommodating%E2%80%9D_negotiator\"><\/span><strong><strong>Switzerland as an \u201caccommodating\u201d negotiator<\/strong><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In order to protect itself from the expected wave of refugees, Switzerland announced a visa requirement for all Germans and Austrians. Exceptions were only to apply for people with assets or relatives in Switzerland and for transit travelers. This put Switzerland in opposition to its powerful neighbor. Nazi Germany wanted to get rid of \u201cits\u201d Jews, no matter where, no matter how. The Nazis could not accept restrictions on the freedom of movement of their own \u201cAryan\u201d majority. In the course of negotiations, the Swiss declared that they wanted to restrict the visa requirement \u201cto non-Aryan German citizens\u201d. This \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20147'>concession<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[8]  \u201eBeobachter\u201c loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d became the starting point for the subsequent agreement.<br><br>Meanwhile, the German negotiator asked whether Switzerland would waive visas if Germany explicitly designated the Jewish passport holders as such. The head of the Swiss immigration police <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20142'>Heinrich Rothmund<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[9]  Wikipedia about <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heinrich_Rothmund\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Heinrich Rothmund<\/a>, retrieved on 15.10.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> found this \u201ctechnically possible\u201d but politically questionable and continued to vote in favor of the general visa requirement. On September 7, 1938, the Nazi representative proposed a stamp in the passport. In the interests of reciprocity, however, passports of Swiss Jews would also have to be stamped. This was \u201cvery accommodating\u201d and \u201cacceptable\u201d, reported the head of the Swiss delegation to his government.<br><br>According to the treaty, Switzerland only allowed German Jews to <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20150'>enter the country<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[10]  Cf. documents collection VEJ 2\/127 and German Federal Archives and Caspar Battegay, Naomi Lubrich \u201cJ\u00fcdische Schweiz: 50 Objekte erz\u00e4hlen Geschichte\u201d, pages 158-161. Ed.: Jewish Museum of Switzerland, Basel 2018, ISBN 978-3-85616-847-6. Cited from Wikipedia on the <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Judenstempel#cite_note-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\"J\" stamp<\/a> (German), retrieved on 13.11.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u201cif the competent Swiss representation has entered an \u2018assurance of authorization to stay in Switzerland or to transit through Switzerland\u2019 in the passport.\u201d <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20154'>Both Swiss chambers of parliament<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[11]  Marco Jorio \u201cJudenstempel\u201d. Published online on 10.3.2015 in <a href=\"https:\/\/hls-dhs-dss.ch\/de\/articles\/049159\/2015-03-10\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz<\/a> (HLS), retrieved on 5.8.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> approved the agreement &#8211; against Rothmund&#8217;s objections &#8211; which became the basis for the red \u201cJ\u201d stamp. This happened on October 3 and 4, 1938, just a few days after Jews and Nazi opponents from <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-fall-gruen\/\">Czechoslovakia<\/a>, which had been destroyed by the Munich Agreement, were also made refugees.<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>\u201cIt may not be too long before this mark is branded on their bodies. There is already talk of marking the victims of Nazi racial madness with at least a yellow stain on their faces and thus exposing them to contempt.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p>The Swiss Social Democrat <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20157'>Guido M\u00fcller<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[12]  GRA - Foundation against Racism and Antisemitism, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gra.ch\/bildung\/glossar\/j-stempel\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Glossary \"J\" stamp<\/a>, retrieved on 13.11.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> thus foresaw the Jewish stars that would later be introduced and warned against the &#8220;Judenstempel&#8221; Agreement. His public statement in the Swiss parliament on December 7, 1938 also proves that the claim that the Agreement was negotiated in secret has no basis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"368\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/paesse-1024x368.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-19505\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/paesse-1024x368.png 1024w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/paesse-300x108.png 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/paesse-768x276.png 768w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/paesse-1536x553.png 1536w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/paesse-2048x737.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<p class=\"caption\">With the blessing of Switzerland, the Nazis introduced the &#8220;J&#8221; stamp on identity documents. Here, from left to right, the passports of Dunera boy Ladislaus Wieselmann from Vienna, and Queen Mary internees Karl Duldig (Vienna), Helmut Neust\u00e4dter (Berlin) and Heinrich Portnoj (Vienna). There were also stamps for children&#8217;s identity cards. Source: Files of the Australian National Archives NAA.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The labelling of the passports of Swiss Jews, which had been agreed with the Nazi Reich and whose discrimination was deliberately accepted by their own government, was not implemented. However, the other direction was consistently implemented. For example, the Berlin pastor <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20161'>Helmut Gollwitzer<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[13]  Wikipedia about <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Helmut_Gollwitzer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Helmut Gollwitzer<\/a> (German), retrieved on 15.11.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (1908 &#8211; 1993), a member of the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20165'>Bekennende Kirche<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[14]  Wikipedia about the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Confessing_Church\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bekennende Kirche<\/a>, retrieved on 10.10.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Confessing Church), wrote to the Swiss diplomat Hamel asking for help with the entry of an endangered family. He replied that Switzerland had \u201cgenerally closed its borders rigorously as a result of great alienation\u201d. Of course, this had nothing to do with the ancestry of the Jewish family supported by Gollwitzer. However, it included \u201cthat no exceptions can be made because it is a law\u201d. <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20169'>Hamel recommended<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[15]  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.friedenszentrum-martin-niemoeller-haus.de\/ausstellung\/tafel25.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hamel to Gollwitzer<\/a> on 26.11.1938 (German), via Peace Center of the Martin Niem\u00f6ller House, retrieved on 15.11.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> seeking entry into another country.<br><br>Just \u201cbecause it&#8217;s the law\u201d, Switzerland turned away at least <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20495'>30,000 German-Austrian Jews<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[16]  Cf. M.M. M\u00e4der \u201cDie Juden in der Schweiz\u201d (Jews in Switzerland) from 9.9.1997 under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hagalil.com\/schweiz\/juden.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jewish Live online<\/a>, retrieved on 12.12.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> at the border between 1941 and 1945 alone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Swiss_debate\"><\/span><strong>A Swiss debate<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In Switzerland, the \u201cJ\u201d stamp does not appear to have been a historical accident. Markings for Jews could already be found on forms for residence permits and naturalization applications in 1916.<br><br>The critical debate on the \u201cJ\u201d stamp initiated by the \u201cBeobachter\u201d in 1954 led to false results due to insufficient research and to an unjustified public condemnation of Rothmund as the alleged inventor of the stamp. This was publicly corrected decades later by the \u201cBeobachter\u201d itself. The starting point was the report \u201cDie Fl\u00fcchtlingspolitik der Schweiz in den Jahren 1933 bis 1955\u201d by <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20178'>Prof. Dr. Carl Ludwig<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[17]  Der <a href=\"https:\/\/dodis.ch\/17417?lang=de\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">komplette Bericht<\/a> \u201eDie Fl\u00fcchtlingspolitik der Schweiz in den Jahren 1933 bis 1955\u201c in der Datenbank Dodis f\u00fcr Diplomatische Dokumente der Schweiz (German), abgerufen am 10.10.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> on behalf of the Federal Council. In 1957, it was \u201cproven on record that the notorious &#8220;J&#8221; stamp in the passports of German and Austrian Jews had been introduced due to cooperation between German and Swiss authorities\u201d, the Social Democrat <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20181'>Helmut Hubacher<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[18]  Hubacher loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> told the Swiss National Council on February 1, 1995, in reference to his country&#8217;s shared responsibility.<br><br>Among other things, Hubacher had called on the government to apologize for the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20184'>instruction to the cantons<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[19]  Ibid.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> that \u201cJews should not be regarded as political refugees\u201d. He went on to write that \u201cthe assertion that nothing was known about the fate of those turned away at the border must also be rejected with the utmost determination\u201d.<br><br>\u201cNevertheless, the country&#8217;s own co-responsibility was denied for decades. It was only through the forced confrontation with so-called <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20186'>dormant bank accounts<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[20]  Swiss banks only took care of the clarification of up to <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Verfahren_um_j%C3%BCdische_Verm%C3%B6gen_bei_Schweizer_Banken\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">55,000 accounts<\/a> of Holocaust victims and assets extorted from Jews, including the investigation of heirs, under international duress, retrieved on 10.8.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> of Holocaust victims that a sustained discussion about the country&#8217;s own role in the Second World War was set in motion, although this did not take place without resistance. As late as 2007, the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20190'>myth of a &#8216;falsification of history&#8217;<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[21]  GRA loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in relation to the &#8216;J&#8217; stamp was still being spread.\u201d<br><br>Meanwhile, Hubacher&#8217;s parliamentary initiative was successful: \u201cIn the knowledge that such failures are ultimately inexcusable\u201d, President Kaspar Villiger apologized on 7 May 1995 &#8211; the 50th anniversary of the end of the war and the Nazi empire. He also mentioned Switzerland&#8217;s involvement in the Jewish stampede with the aim of preventing the entry of Jewish refugees from Germany and Austria. After more than four decades, this ended the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20193'>debate<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[22]  Georg Kreis \u201cEine unglaubliche Aff\u00e4re - Die Schweiz und der Judenstempel\u201d (An incredible affair - Switzerland and the Judenstempel), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nzz.ch\/schweiz\/eine-unglaubliche-affaere-die-schweiz-und-der-judenstempel-ld.1735687\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Neue Z\u00fcrcher Zeitung<\/a> (German) on May 2, 2023, retrieved on August 10, 2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> started by the \u201cBeobachter\u201d in 1954.<br><br>\u201cSwitzerland was not the inventor of the &#8220;Judenstempel&#8221;. But &#8211; like other countries &#8211; it paved the way for it with its hard-hearted refugee policy,\u201c Urs Rauber summarized the now thoroughly <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20196'>revised state of knowledge<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[23]  Beobachter loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in the &#8220;Beobachter&#8221; in 2001.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"From_the_%E2%80%9EJudenstempel%E2%80%9C_%E2%80%A6\"><\/span><strong>From the \u201eJudenstempel\u201c &#8230;<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Nazis began their anti-Semitic legislation immediately after power was handed over to them on January 30, 1933. As early as February 28, 1933, the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-13341'>basic rights<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[24]  \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/www.dokumentenarchiv.de\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Verordnung des Reichspr\u00e4sidenten<\/a> zum Schutze des Deutschen Volkes\u201c, (Decree of the Reich President for the Protection of the German People) from Feb4, 1933, retrieved April 11, 2023.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> were suspended. The Nazi government immediately implemented the labeling treaty: On October 5, 1938 &#8211; that is, the very day after the Swiss decision &#8211; the \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20202'>Ordinance on Passports of Jews<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[25]  Wikipedia on the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Verordnung_%C3%BCber_Reisep%C3%A4sse_von_Juden\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ordinance on Passports of Jews<\/a>\u201d, retrieved on 5.9.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d introduces the red \u201cJ\u201d stamp. These people were thus branded when leaving for a visa-free country. Identity cards and children&#8217;s identity cards were also marked in this way.<br><br>The First Ordinance to the \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20205'>Reich Citizenship Act<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[26]  Cf. Wikipedia about the <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reichsb%C3%BCrgergesetz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reich Citizenship Act<\/a> (German), retrieved on 20.10.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d, published in November 1935, was an essential basis for injustice. Sentence 1 of \u00a74 states: \u201cA Jew cannot be a citizen of the Reich\u201d; the dismissal of Jewish civil servants was also prescribed. The <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20208'>Second Ordinance<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[27]  Wikipedia about\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Namens%C3%A4nderungsverordnung#cite_ref-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Second Ordinance<\/a> (Zweite Verordnung zur Durchf\u00fchrung des Gesetzes \u00fcber die \u00c4nderung von Familiennamen und Vornamen) in German, retrieved on 10.8.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> implementing this law of August 17, 1938 forced Jews in \u00a72 to have the first names Israel or Sara entered in their papers. This was followed by the Passport Ordinance.<br><br>On October 28, 1938, <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-polenaktion\/\">17,000 Polish Jews<\/a> were arrested, carted to the Polish border and forced to wait out the bad weather in no man&#8217;s land until a Polish decision on their admission was made. After the pogrom of November 9, 1938, 30,000 \u201cespecially wealthy\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/?p=16216\">Jewish men<\/a> were arrested and imprisoned in concentration camps for up to two months. Their release was coupled with the demand that these men and their families leave the country immediately. They were only allowed to take a small amount of clothing and 10 Reichsmarks per person with them; the state confiscated the families&#8217; assets for its war chest.<br><br>The external branding of all Jews from the age of 6 with the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20212'>yellow star<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[28]  Wording of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.verfassungen.de\/de33-45\/juden41.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">police ordinance<\/a> (German), retrieved on 25.11.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> was introduced by the Nazis on September 1, 1941 at the request of Goebbels. Violations of the obligation to wear the star were punishable by 150 Reichsmarks or imprisonment for up to six weeks. At the same time, Jews were forbidden to leave their community without written permission from the police.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%A6_to_the_Wannsee_Conference\"><\/span><strong>&#8230; to the Wannsee Conference<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>On November 25, 1941, the Eleventh Decree to the Reich Citizenship Law followed: Jews were expatriated. Jews living abroad not only lost their <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20215'>citizenship<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[29]  \u201c75 years ago: Departure ban for Jews\u201d (Vor 75 Jahren: Ausreiseverbot f\u00fcr Juden), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bpb.de\/kurz-knapp\/hintergrund-aktuell\/235829\/vor-75-jahren-ausreiseverbot-fuer-juden\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Federal Agency for Civic Education<\/a> online on 19.10.2016, retrieved on 10.8.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. The assets of those who remained in Germany were added to the Nazi state&#8217;s wish list. Shortly before this, the Nazi government imposed a travel ban on Jews. This meant that the marking of their passports had lost its significance.<br><br>On January 20, 1942, at the so-called <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20219'>Wannsee Conference<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[30]  Wikipedia about the <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wannseekonferenz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wannseekonferenz<\/a> (German), retrieved on 15.8.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, Interior Minister Stuckart, blood judge Freisler and other Nazi bigwigs laid out the course of action for the \u201cFinal Solution of the Jewish Question\u201d. A list presented there aimed at the murder of 11 million European Jews. This also concerned non-occupied countries: among other things, the extermination of 18,000 Jewish lives was determined for Switzerland, 8,000 for Sweden, 330,000 for England and 700,000 for the territory of Hitler&#8217;s French vassal Petain.<br><br><span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-18976'>Hans Globke<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[31]  Wikipedia about <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hans_Globke\">Hans Globke<\/a>, the \u201eMann behind Adenauer\u201c (German), retrieved Aug 1, 2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> had qualified as an expert as co-author and commentator of the Nuremberg Race Laws and author of the above-mentioned Naming Ordinance and sat at the table of the Wannsee Conference for the Ministry of the Interior. In the Federal Republic of Germany, this accomplice to the \u201cFinal Solution\u201d influenced West German politics from 1953 to 1963 as a gray eminence behind Chancellor Adenauer and the CDU leadership. In order to push through his appointment as State Secretary in the Federal Chancellery, Adenauer lied to the Bundestag by claiming that <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/?p=16740#Addendum_Federal_Cross_of_Merit_with_Star\">Globke&#8217;s past<\/a> had been \u201cthoroughly investigated\u201d. Globke was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany on October 15, 1963. You just have to sit at the right tables &#8230;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"685\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/rechsbuergergesetz_wiki-685x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-19486\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/rechsbuergergesetz_wiki-685x1024.png 685w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/rechsbuergergesetz_wiki-201x300.png 201w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/rechsbuergergesetz_wiki-768x1148.png 768w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/rechsbuergergesetz_wiki.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 685px) 100vw, 685px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"caption\">Racism by law: The \u201cReich Citizenship Act\u201d (above) and the decree on Jewish names.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"718\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Namensaenderungsgesetz-718x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-19488\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Namensaenderungsgesetz-718x1024.png 718w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Namensaenderungsgesetz-210x300.png 210w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Namensaenderungsgesetz-768x1095.png 768w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Namensaenderungsgesetz.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 718px) 100vw, 718px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"514\" height=\"757\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/wannseekonferenz.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-19491\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/wannseekonferenz.jpg 514w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/wannseekonferenz-204x300.jpg 204w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 514px) 100vw, 514px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"caption\">11 million Europeans were on the Wannsee Conference murder list.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sweden_fears_Jews_more_than_Hitler\"><\/span><strong>Sweden fears Jews more than Hitler<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>It is not surprising that Sweden went along with the &#8220;J&#8221; stamp. The Scandinavian country also maintained its \u201cneutrality\u201d for a long time after the end of the war. Nevertheless, Nazi sympathies and anti-Semitism were widespread there, right up to the government. This not only led to legal injustice. Today&#8217;s right-wing populists want to absolve their ideological forefathers of responsibility by claiming, contrary to the facts, that the Social Democrats are to blame for all of this.<br><br>\u201cSwedish racism (showed) <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20224'>frightening parallels<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[32]  <a href=\"https:\/\/taz.de\/!1250009\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reinhard Wolff<\/a> \u201eH\u00e4ssliches Mobiliar im sch\u00f6nen Volksheim\u201c (Ugly furniture in a beautiful Volksheim), German, in Die Tageszeitung (TAZ) on 5.2.2000, retrieved on 1.8.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> to National Socialism,\u201d noted journalist Reinhard Wolff. As early as 1927, Jewish immigration aspirants were declassified as \u201ceconomic refugees\u201d and turned away. At around the same time, right-wing extremist organizations adopted principles of US immigration law that were significantly influenced by the \u201cracial biology\u201d developed there. Sweden&#8217;s Minister of Justice at the time was <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-19614'>Johan Thyr\u00e9n<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[33]  Wikipedia (schwedisch) \u00fcber <a href=\"https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Johan_Thyr%C3%A9n\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Johan Thyr\u00e9n<\/a>, abgerufen am 25.11.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (1861 &#8211; 1933), a co-founder of the \u201cSwedish Society for Racial Hygiene\u201d. Thyr\u00e9n assisted ultra-right-wing newspapers, which labeled \u201cEastern Jews\u201d and Roma as undesirable, with the sentence: \u201cThe value of a population with a rare uniform, unmixed ethnicity can hardly be overestimated\u201d. Sweden&#8217;s Social Democrats responded to this overt racism in parliament with the remark that the law was \u201ccharacterized by <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20227'>fanatical xenophobia<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[34]  Cf. Ola Larsmo \"Det finns inga politiska po\u00e4ng att plocka p\u00e5 historien om J-passen\" (No political conclusions can be drawn from the story of the J pass) \u00a0in <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230619073119\/https:\/\/www.dn.se\/kultur\/ola-larsmo-det-finns-inga-politiska-poang-att-plocka-pa-historien-om-j-passen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dagens Nyheter<\/a> (Swedish) on 19.6.2023,. Retrieved via wayback on 25.11.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d. The Social Democrat <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20375'>Arthur Engberg<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[35]  Wikipedia about <a href=\"https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arthur_Engberg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Arthur Engberg<\/a> (Swedish), a Swedish social democratic politician who had decisively turned away from anti-Semitism in the mid-1920s.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> asked there whether Sweden&#8217;s law and justice should in future be based on an &#8220;enmity inherent in the blood between the races&#8221;.<br><br>In 1936, the right-wing Allgemeine Wahlverein demanded \u201cstricter control of the influx of foreigners into the Reich\u201d along Nazi lines. This was repeated until 1939 &#8211; the last time it was clearly understood from the chronicle as a reaction to the <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/?p=16216\">wave of refugees and expulsions<\/a> following the Nazi pogroms of November 1938. Once again, it was the Social Democrats who opposed this &#8211; albeit in vain &#8211; with a motion: That all <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20231'>refugees persecuted<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[36]  Cf. Larsmo loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in their home country for \u201cpolitical reasons\u201d should be granted refugee status; this should also include Jewish refugees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_incorporation_of_a_racist_element\"><\/span><strong>The incorporation of a racist element<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>In 1939, students demonstrated against asylum for ten Jewish doctors. Allowing such \u201coriental\u201d elements into the country could harm the Swedish people. The \u201cincorporation of the Jewish racial element into the Swedish tribe\u201d must also be prevented, Wolff quoted.<br><br>Strong Swedish tones were heard at the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20234'>Evian Conference<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[37]  At the invitation of the USA, 32 states negotiated the admission of Jews in the French town from July 6 to 14, 1938, without success. See Wikipedia on the Evian Conference loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>: It was not the life-threatening Nazi persecution or the refugee flows that were the problem. The problem was \u201cEuropean Jewish emigration as a whole\u201d, explained the Swedish representative. The Swedish Nazis assisted with the demand to \u201cstop the Jewish invasion\u201d and demanded \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20239'>Sweden to the Swedes<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[38]  Cf. Wolff loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"633\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/MeirGolda_1969-633x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-19446\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/MeirGolda_1969-633x1024.jpg 633w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/MeirGolda_1969-185x300.jpg 185w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/MeirGolda_1969-768x1243.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/MeirGolda_1969.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 633px) 100vw, 633px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"caption\"><span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20250'>Golda Meir<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[39]  Wikipedia about <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Golda_Meir\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Golda Meir<\/a>, later Prime Minister of Israel (German), retrieved in 17.9.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (1898 &#8211; 1978), who was present as an observer in Evian, later asked the decisive <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20245'>question<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[40]  Cf. Wolff loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>: \u201cDon&#8217;t you know that these damned \u2018numbers\u2019 are human beings, people who will have to spend the rest of their lives in concentration camps or on the run around the globe like lepers if you don&#8217;t take them in?\u201d<br>Photo source: Wikipedia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>The governments of England and other countries that had contributed to the lack of results at the Evian Conference later revised their asylum policies. However, this only happened in England, for example, after the public, <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20254'>horrified by the pogrom<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[41]  British asylum policy <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/british-deportationspart-2-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ends with the detention<\/a> of tens of thousands of refugees and the deportation of around 10,000 civilian internees overseas.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in November 1938, demanded the admission of Jews and politically persecuted persons.<br><br>It was not only in view of the queues of German Jews outside Sweden&#8217;s embassy in Prague after the \u201cReichskristallnacht\u201d that Meir&#8217;s question could by no means be answered with \u201cno\u201d. Nevertheless, Sweden stuck to its racist line: Ambassador <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20258'>Folke Malmar<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[42]  Cf. Wolff loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> reported to Stockholm that \u201csuch immigrants, who, as two thousand years of experience teaches us, never assimilate\u201d, should be kept away.<br><br><span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20260'>Sweden tightened<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[43]  Cf. Larsmo loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> its laws to keep refugees out and introduced a <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20483'>visa requirement<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[44]  Cf. \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.levandehistoria.se\/fakta\/forintelsen\/forfoljelsen-av-judar-under-1930-talet#ett-j-i-alla-tyska-judars-pass\">F\u00f6rf\u00f6ljelsen av judar under 1930-talet<\/a>\" (Swedish) online at Forum f\u00f6r levande historia (Forum for Living History), retrieved on 21.12.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> for German citizens with the \u201cJ\u201d stamp in their passports on October 27, 1938. At the beginning of 1939, the \u201cforeign invasion\u201d included 3,420 Jewish refugees, according to a Swedish government census.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-border-color is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-color:#d45847;border-width:4px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);box-shadow:var(--wp--preset--shadow--sharp);flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<p>The Australian representative in Evian acted in accordance with the racist principle of the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20263'>White Australia Policy<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[45]  The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nma.gov.au\/defining-moments\/resources\/white-australia-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Museum of Australia<\/a> published a short background on White Australia Policy.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. A year earlier, Prime Minister <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/991-per-cent-british\">Joseph A. Lyons<\/a> had declared \u201cOur population is <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-14906'>99.1% British<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[46]  Quote from an election campaign speech by <a href=\"https:\/\/electionspeeches.moadoph.gov.au\/speeches\/1937-joseph-lyons\">Joseph Lyons<\/a> on 28 September 1937.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> and we want to keep it that way\u201d. His trade minister <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20266'>Thomas White<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[47]  John Rickard in \"Australian Dictionary of Biography\" about <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sydney.edu.au\/news-opinion\/news\/2017\/07\/31\/loss--trials--and-compassion--the-music-of-australias-jewish-ref.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thomas White<\/a>, loc.cit. Joseph Toltz \u201eLoss, trials and compassion: music of Australia's Jewish refugees\u201c, University of Sydney online, retrieved on 10.12.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (nomen est omen?) announced in Evian: \u201cBecause we have no real race problem, we are not out to import one by encouraging large-scale immigration from abroad\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gold-plated_%E2%80%9Cneutrality%E2%80%9D\"><\/span><strong>Gold-plated \u201cneutrality\u201d<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>While Nazi Germany was demonstratively deporting <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-polenaktion\/\">17,000 Polish Jews<\/a> to Poland at the end of October 1938, Sweden and the Nazis had long since become mutually accommodating. Sweden supplied iron ore, ball bearings and other militarily important goods to the Nazi Empire&#8217;s war industry, which was isolated from world trade. Weapons and even 2 million soldiers were transported through Sweden by rail, cynically disguised as Red Cross transports. In June\/July 1941, for example, the entire <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20271'>163rd Infantry Division<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[48]  Cf. Wikipedia \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sweden_during_World_War_II\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sweden during World War II<\/a>\u201c, retrieved on 25.11.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> of the Nazi Wehrmacht, including heavy weapons, was channeled from Norway through Sweden to the Finnish deployment area against the Soviet Union. The Nazi air force was granted overflight rights, Wolff researched.<br><br>In Sweden, \u201cneutrality\u201d was not &#8211; as was usual internationally &#8211; a synonym for impartial distance from the warring parties. The slogan was used to cover up a secret alliance with the fascist aggressors for the sake of profit. After all, Nazi Germany paid in gold and, as we all know, gold doesn&#8217;t stink. The public was told that the only way to keep the Nazis out of the country was through neutrality. This swept under the parliamentary carpet what had happened to neutral states such as <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20275'>Belgium<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[49]  Cf. Wikipedia about <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schlacht_um_Belgien\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Battle of Belgium<\/a>, retrieved on 25.11.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> and the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20279'>Netherlands<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[50]  Wikipedia on the history of the <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niederlande#20._Jahrhundert\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Netherlands<\/a>, retrieved on 25.11.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in 1940. The Swedish version of \u201cgilded neutrality\u201d prompted Hitler&#8217;s propaganda chief <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20283'>Goebbels<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[51]  Joseph Goebbels,' diary 1942 cf. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sueddeutsche.de\/panorama\/schweden-das-geographische-erbe-der-nazis-1.657011\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">S\u00fcddeutsche Zeitung<\/a> on 11.5.2010, retrieved on 1.8.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> to heap praise on it: \u201cSweden has done more for the German war effort than is usually assumed,\u201d he noted in his diary. \u201cBut they emphasize their neutrality in a way that is to our advantage.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>Personalities such as <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20286'>Raoul Wallenberg<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[52]  Wikipedia about <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Raoul_Wallenberg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Raoul Wallenberg<\/a>, retrieved on 5.7.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (1912-1952) and <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20289'>Count Folke Bernadotte<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[53]  Wikipedia about <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Folke_Bernadotte\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Graf Bernadotte<\/a>, retrieved on 5.7.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (1895-1948) may help to save Sweden&#8217;s honor. However, official policy did not change until the end of 1942. This happened when the deportation of <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20294'>772 Norwegian Jews<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[54]  \u201eThe Deportatoin of Jews\u201c, Norwegian Holocaust-Doku Centre <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hlsenteret.no\/utstillinger\/qr\/artikler\/english_00.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HOL-Senteret<\/a>, retrieved on 26.11.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> to Auschwitz on November 26, 1942 with the cooperation of the local <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20298'>police<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[55]  The Wikipedia article on the history of <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geschichte_der_Juden_in_Norwegen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jews in Norway<\/a> (German) points out, among other things, that the responsible police chief of Oslo, Knut R\u00f8d, was later acquitted of the accusation of collaboration and remained in the police service until 1965. Retrieved on 25.11.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> became known. At the same time, a turning point in the course of the war emerged at Stalingrad. In 1943, Sweden took part in the rescue of Danish Jews. However, the fame of this good deed faded: \u201cEastern Jews\u201d from the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20301'>Baltic states<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[56]  Cf. Wolff loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> were abandoned to the \u201cFinal Solution\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Reappraisal_in_Swedish\"><\/span><strong><strong>Reappraisal<\/strong> in Swedish<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Rather less surprising is the denial of co-responsibility for the extermination of the Jews in Sweden today. For example, the party <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20304'>Sverigedemokraterna<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[57]  Wikipedia about the <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sverigedemokraterna\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SD-Party<\/a> (German), retrieved on 20.8.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Sweden Democrats, SD) claims a close relationship between the Social Democrats and the Nazis. \u201cIt was the Social Democrats who demanded that Hitler&#8217;s Germany stamp a &#8216;J&#8217; in Jewish passports so that Jews could be deported at the border,\u201c is quoted from the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20307'>Facebook page<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[58]  Cf. Ola Larsmo loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> of the German AfD&#8217;s sister party. This thick-fisted propaganda lie does not conceal the fact that it was not only Sweden&#8217;s right-wing populists who stirred up anti-Semitism back then and are now stirring up blanket xenophobia, fears of alleged Islamization etc. and propagating conspiracy narratives etc. to match.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-border-color is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-color:#d45847;border-width:4px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);box-shadow:var(--wp--preset--shadow--sharp);flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Propaganda must not be allowed to win<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>From a Swedish perspective, the publicist <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20311'>Ola Larsmo<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[59]  Cf. Ola Larsmo loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> develops an image of Sweden that is quite comparable to the situation in other (even larger) countries, both then and now, as \u201ca small country paralyzed by opposing political positions and subject to the same terrible refugee policy as the rest of the world. (&#8230;) This image of division and despair is admittedly difficult to bear. (&#8230;) It remains to be added: The pathological effect of historical propaganda and historical distortion is the impression that this is a discussion about the honor of politicians, parties and civil servants. That is not the point. It is about those who were expelled and murdered. If we forget that, propaganda has won.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Allied_aid_and_50_years_of_inactivity\"><\/span>Allied aid and 50 years of inactivity<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>In post-war Germany, the Stamp Ordinance, like many other Nazi regulations, was repealed by the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20314'>Control Council Law No. 1<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[60]  Wikipedia about <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kontrollratsgesetz_Nr._1_betreffend_die_Aufhebung_von_NS-Recht\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kontrollratsgesetz Nr. 1<\/a> (German), retrieved on 20.8.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> on September 20, 1945 by the four Allies. But why did it take more than 50 years for the Bundestag to pass the \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20317'>Act on the Repeal of National Socialist Injustices in the Administration of Criminal Justice<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[61]  Wikipedia about the \"Act on the Repeal of National Socialist Injustices in the Administration of Criminal Justice\"; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/ns-aufhg\/BJNR250110998.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gesetzestext<\/a>, abgerufen am 20.8.2024<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (NS-AufhG)\u201d?<br><br>It was not only the civil servants at the top of the Federal Ministry of Justice (\u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-18980'>Die Akte Rosenburg<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[62]  Christoph Safferling, Manfred G\u00f6rtemaker, \u201eDie Akte Rosenburg \u2013 Das BMJ und die NS-Zeit\u201c, 600 pages. Complete version (ISBN 978-3-406-69768-5) C.H. Beck editors 2016. A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bmj.de\/SharedDocs\/Publikationen\/DE\/Broschueren_Sprachvarianten\/Akte_Rosenburg_EN_Geschichtsband_1.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&amp;v=6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">short version<\/a> of 48\u00a0 pages can be downloaded from the Ministry's website.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d) who were riddled with former Nazi lawyers until well into the 1970s. The ubiquitous presence of Nazi sycophants prevented the prosecution of Nazi crimes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"626\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/stern.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-19498\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/stern.png 600w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/stern-288x300.png 288w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>In 1960, the German government of Chancellor Adenauer (CDU) refused to negotiate the extradition of <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20321'>Adolf Eichmann<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[63]  Irmtrud Wijak \u201eFritz Bauer 1903-1968. Eine Biografie\". 2009, page 302. Cf. Wikipedia about <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fritz_Bauer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fritz Bauer<\/a>, abgeruifen am 20.11.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> with Argentina. In 1962, the then young politician and later Federal Chancellor <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20325'>Helmut Kohl<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[64]  Conrad Taler aka Kurt Nelhiebel \u201eAsche auf vereisten Wegen. Eine Chronik des Grauens. Berichte vom Auschwitz-Prozess\u201c (Ashes on icy paths. A chronicle of horror. Reports from the Auschwitz trial) . German; Cologne 2003, page 193. Cf.Wikipedia about Fritz Bauer loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (CDU) justified the non-prosecution of Nazi crimes with the brazen remark that too little time had passed since the Nazi regime to be able to form a final judgment.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Attorney General Fritz Bauer, who was in charge of prosecuting Nazi perpetrators, felt persecuted himself: \u201cWhen I leave my (office) room, I enter <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20328'>enemy territory<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[65]  \u201eFeindliches Ausland\u201c (hostile foreign country) in \u201eDer Spiegel\u201c (German) from 30.7.1995, Cf. Wikipedia about Fritz Bauer, loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.\u201d<br><br>The <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-20335'>first trial<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[66]  Wikipedia about the <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Auschwitzprozesse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Auschwitz Trials<\/a> (German), retrieved on 20.10.2023.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> against 22 perpetrators of the Auschwitz extermination camp could only begin in 1963.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-border-color is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-color:#d45847;border-width:4px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);box-shadow:var(--wp--preset--shadow--sharp);flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Comment<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The stamp scenario, whether Swiss, Swedish or German, certainly has a contemporary feel to it: once again, boats are said to be full, there is a threat of foreign infiltration and Germany must be given back to the Germans, as the populists sometimes even say in the Bundestag. The economic flight argument is used to defame asylum seekers as a drain on German prosperity. Of course, none of the xenophobic crybabies have anything against emigrants or even Jews. The problem is \u201cimmigration as a whole\u201d, they insinuate, taking up an argument of the Swedish Nazis. Countries of origin, religions etc. are interchangeable in this political recipe according to current populist preferences. There are even calls for German citizenship to be withdrawn from the children of immigrants born here. <br><br>Peter Dehn<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Punishments and sentences for violations of Nazi injustice, including the Passport Ordinance, for not wearing the star, etc., were therefore only repealed in Germany by the Nazi Reconstruction Act of 1998. Those convicted by the unjust regime were finally rehabilitated, although the victims of the Freisler&#8217;s People&#8217;s Court (Volksgerichtshof) and the extermination camps and the countless other victims of unjust justice were not.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Please note: <\/strong>We would like to thank J\u00fcrgen Heinrich for translations from Swedish into German. Translation of citations from German to English, if source was not available, by the authors. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Footnotes\"><\/span>Footnotes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>show<\/summary>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Nazis branded Jews with the red stamp in their passports. Switzerland was involved in its creation.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":19721,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[188],"tags":[206,625,197,623,591,594,593,592],"class_list":["post-20087","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","tag-exil-en","tag-felix-nussbaum-2","tag-holocaust-en","tag-j-stamp","tag-judenstempel-en","tag-persecution","tag-sweden","tag-switzerland"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20087","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20087"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20087\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/19721"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20087"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20087"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20087"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}