{"id":16740,"date":"2025-01-28T09:30:00","date_gmt":"2025-01-28T08:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/?p=16740"},"modified":"2025-01-28T10:20:53","modified_gmt":"2025-01-28T09:20:53","slug":"wolfgang-kittel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wolfgang-kittel\/","title":{"rendered":"Wolfgang Kittel"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.elementor-1602 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5613107{--display:flex;--flex-direction:row;--container-widget-width:initial;--container-widget-height:100%;--container-widget-flex-grow:1;--container-widget-align-self:stretch;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--justify-content:space-around;--flex-wrap:wrap;--margin-top:0px;--margin-bottom:0px;--margin-left:0px;--margin-right:0px;--padding-top:60px;--padding-bottom:60px;--padding-left:5px;--padding-right:5px;}.elementor-1602 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data-widget_type=\"loop-carousel.post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper elementor-loop-container elementor-grid\" role=\"list\" dir=\"ltr\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-wrapper\" aria-live=\"off\">\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-1582\">.elementor-1582 .elementor-element.elementor-element-973247a{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--gap:8px 8px;--row-gap:8px;--column-gap:8px;--margin-top:0px;--margin-bottom:0px;--margin-left:0px;--margin-right:0px;--padding-top:0px;--padding-bottom:0px;--padding-left:0px;--padding-right:0px;}.elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image .widget-image-caption{color:var( --e-global-color-text );font-family:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-size:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-size );font-weight:var( 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theme-post-featured-image, class: .elementor-element-b2f8aff *\/.elementor-1582 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b2f8aff img{\n    aspect-ratio: 1\/1 !important;\n}\/* End custom CSS *\/\n\/* Start custom CSS for theme-post-title, class: .elementor-element-97f6239 *\/.menu-pic:hover h4{\n    color: #D45847 !important;\n}\n\n.elementor-1582 .elementor-element.elementor-element-97f6239 h4 a{\n    font-family: 'Satoshi' !important;\n}\n\n.elementor-1582 .elementor-element.elementor-element-97f6239{\n    cursor: pointer;\n    text-decoration: none !important;\n}\n\n.elementor-1582 .elementor-element.elementor-element-97f6239:hover{\n     color: #D45847 !important;\n}\n\na{\n    text-decoration: none !important;\n}\/* End custom CSS *\/<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-11667 post-11667 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-berlin-en tag-exil-en tag-franz-lebrecht-en tag-hay-en tag-heinz-dehn-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-ida-dehn-en tag-internment tag-kitchener-camp-en tag-leberecht-dehn-en tag-tatura-en tag-united-kingom\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/DehnHeinz-bio-rb7ijmicxjt0bxw6h9zu2cz4s8o6z9vivt8v9s0o28.webp\" title=\"DehnHeinz-bio\" alt=\"Heinz Dehn 1974. Foto: J\u00fcrgen Henschel, Familienarchiv Dehn.\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/heinz-dehn\/\">Heinz Dehn<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-13287 post-13287 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-8th-australian-employment-company-en tag-australia tag-buchenwald-concentration-camp tag-dachau-concentration-camp tag-exil-en tag-franz-lebrecht-en tag-hildegard-berndt-en tag-holocaust-en tag-lichtenburg-concentration-camp tag-mainz-mayence tag-rosa-luxemburg-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/FranzLebrecht-bio-qgi0ad2u4qi6jspdspp0om8va49qzm9bsrr6lpu6kw.webp\" title=\"FranzLebrecht-bio\" alt=\"FranzLebrecht-bio\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/franz-lebrecht\/\">Franz Lebrecht<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-11502 post-11502 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-exil-en tag-hannover-en tag-holocaust-en tag-ida-dehn-en tag-the-nussbaum-family\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/nussbaum-rb7hq768z9iuvemxb23aiaanazpj0e21660nexncuo.jpg\" title=\"nussbaum\" alt=\"nussbaum\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-nussbaum-family\/\">The Nussbaum family<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-8852 post-8852 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-dr-hans-frankenstein-en tag-exil-en tag-heinz-dehn-en tag-internment tag-kitchener-camp-en tag-united-kingom\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/kitchener_suchseite-rb7hqaxlqlo05uhgp3pss9choj6zv6gyiomlc1hs5s.jpg\" title=\"kitchener_suchseite\" alt=\"kitchener_suchseite\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/kitchener-camp\/\">Kitchener Camp<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-11022 post-11022 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-exil-en tag-hannover-en tag-heinz-dehn-en tag-ida-dehn-en tag-the-flieder-family\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/DehnIda_Beitrag-rb7hbh19wpd4zc0zaoxpg02o9oaif3lf5a2sqvhec0.jpg\" title=\"DehnIda_Beitrag\" alt=\"DehnIda_Beitrag\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/ida-dehn\/\">Ida Dehn<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10876 post-10876 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-abraham-flieder-en tag-auschwitz-en tag-hannover-en tag-ida-dehn-en tag-polenaktion-en tag-simon-flieder-en tag-zbaszyn-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/FliederFamilie-rb7hr0b8v4mqvbglkwoq5kxxpxpwn09pm68paig5hs.jpg\" title=\"FliederFamilie\" alt=\"FliederFamilie\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-flieder-family\/\">The Flieder family<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10377 post-10377 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-ghetto-riga-en tag-heinz-dehn-en tag-holocaust-en tag-leberecht-dehn-en tag-theresienstadt-concentration-camp tag-treblinka-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Dehnfamilie-rb7hrdgzit4rduxhg2di4hme1bx1mrpybzdi0dwn2o.jpg\" title=\"Dehnfamilie\" alt=\"Dehnfamilie\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-dehn-family\/\">The Dehn family<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10201 post-10201 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-buchenwald-concentration-camp tag-dachau-concentration-camp tag-franz-lebrecht-en tag-sachsenhausen-concentration-camp tag-singapore tag-universitaet-muenster\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Friedlich-rb7hquo7q4f0xnoshu8yqmd65mhpctnblebseuoij4.jpg\" title=\"Friedlich\" alt=\"Friedlich\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/ernst-friedlich\/\">Ernst Friedlich<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10044 post-10044 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-buchenwald-concentration-camp tag-dachau-concentration-camp tag-ernst-friedlich-fry-en tag-exil-en tag-franz-lebrecht-en tag-hamburg-en tag-leon-gottlieb-en tag-sachsenhausen-concentration-camp tag-singapore\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Gottlieb-rb7hqm7o0m3g1612v8lbm6i0t5nefjpqk8gf3d1234.jpg\" title=\"Gottlieb\" alt=\"Gottlieb\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/leon-gottlieb\/\">Leon Gottlieb<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-11143 post-11143 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-eric-robert-towers-en tag-erich-tichauer-en tag-exil-en tag-heinz-dehn-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-ida-dehn-en-2 tag-walter-fuerst-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Tichauer_beitragsbild-rb7hbx0j4vz0gpdrpdud4e1id83r1ycuvh61wktpe8.jpg\" title=\"Tichauer_beitragsbild\" alt=\"Tichauer_beitragsbild\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/erich-tichauer\/\">Erich Tichauer<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10245 post-10245 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-dr-ernst-wasser-en tag-dr-hans-frankenstein-en tag-exil-en tag-goerlitz-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-kitchener-camp-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Fnankenstein-1-rb7hqwjw3shlkvm26v27vlw3ce8fs7us9nmrdelq6o.jpg\" title=\"Fnankenstein\" alt=\"Fnankenstein\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/dr-hans-frankenstein\/\">Dr Hans Frankenstein<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10752 post-10752 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-exil-en tag-josef-ganz-en tag-volkswagen-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/ganz-rb7hqn5i7g4qcrzppqzy6o9hejirn8tgwd3wkmznww.jpg\" title=\"ganz\" alt=\"ganz\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/josef-ganz\/\">Josef Ganz<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-11254 post-11254 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-a-j-storfer-en tag-ernst-platz-en tag-eva-schwarcz-en tag-karl-und-olga-bodan-en tag-mark-siegelberg-en tag-shanghai-12-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/shanghai12-rb7hs3sgu64sexv96dr22azao4bbmamfrln3g4tm8g.jpg\" title=\"shanghai12\" alt=\"shanghai12\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-shanghai-12\/\">The \u201eShanghai 12\u201c<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-11221 post-11221 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-france tag-ginette-rozenfeld-en tag-holocaust-en tag-ida-dehn-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/rozenfeld-rb7hkl2y5vu7j8sh34qi47ajl5dm1grqqdr98fz00g.jpg\" title=\"rozenfeld\" alt=\"rozenfeld\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/ginette-rozenfeld\/\">Ginette Rozenfeld<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-20010 post-20010 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-dr-hans-frankenstein-en tag-exil-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-unrra-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/WasserErnst_Beitragsbild-rb7hbyw7ik1l3xb1eenm9dkfjzuhhckbjqh0v4qx1s.jpg\" title=\"WasserErnst_Beitragsbild\" alt=\"WasserErnst_Beitragsbild\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/dr-ernst-wasser\/\">Dr Ernst Wasser<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-18542 post-18542 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biografie category-biography tag-australia tag-berlin-en tag-exil-en tag-georg-chodziesner-en tag-hay-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-internment tag-isle-of-man-en tag-kitchener-camp-en tag-tatura-en tag-united-kingom\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/ChodziesnerGeorg_beitrag2-rb7gapkilz1ewdfdysuzxa1nv5hpd9ncrbj519zpow.jpg\" title=\"ChodziesnerGeorg_beitrag2\" alt=\"ChodziesnerGeorg_beitrag2\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/george-chodziesner\/\">George Chodziesner<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-16740 post-16740 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-wolfgang-a-kittel\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Kittel_Beitrag-rb7gwxh65zgfcj5h7wmid66xe1z2bouxhapcfr1ols.png\" title=\"Kittel_Beitrag\" alt=\"Kittel_Beitrag\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wolfgang-kittel\/\">Wolfgang Kittel<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-22118 post-22118 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-berlin-en tag-exil-en tag-harry-jay-en tag-harry-jeidels-en tag-hay-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-internment tag-photography tag-tatura-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/JayHarry_Beitrag-rb7f7obssnlqrc4kwffqvmnjs3vypron2488klva34.jpg\" title=\"JayHarry_Beitrag\" alt=\"JayHarry_Beitrag\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/harry-jay-jeidels\/\">Harry Jay (Jeidels)<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-23049 post-23049 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-australia tag-berlin-en tag-exil-en tag-hay-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-internment tag-mv-abosso-en tag-tatura-en tag-the-passenger tag-ulrich-a-boschwitz-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/BoschwitzUlrich_Beitrag-rb7eojc3n3ekd5xdnnm7lyioco7wzmpe3e1bss8us0.jpg\" title=\"BoschwitzUlrich_Beitrag\" alt=\"BoschwitzUlrich_Beitrag\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/ulrich-a-boschwitz\/\">Ulrich A. Boschwitz<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-24864 post-24864 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-approval category-biography tag-8th-australian-employment-company-en tag-australia tag-dunera-en tag-internment tag-max-schwarz-en tag-ulrich-laufer-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Beitrag_LauferSchwarz-rb7eccdgzgpnr9mzuvvfrjaexqbi4zaqr1dkokbphs.png\" title=\"Beitrag_LauferSchwarz\" alt=\"Beitrag_LauferSchwarz\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/ulrich-laufer-and-max-schwarz\/\">Ulrich Laufer and Max Schwarz<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-26753 post-26753 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-exil-en tag-holocaust-en tag-internment tag-kids-interned tag-westernland-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/dunera_wire-rb7hfzncr1jqrvgrx585xd1f1c10eqizfmxsrqsafk.jpg\" title=\"dunera_wire\" alt=\"dunera_wire\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-youngest-dunera-boys\/\">The youngest Dunera Boys<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-27115 post-27115 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-exil-en tag-holocaust-en tag-internment tag-oldest-internees tag-queen-mary-internees-2\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/dunera_wire-rb7hfzncr1jqrvgrx585xd1f1c10eqizfmxsrqsafk.jpg\" title=\"dunera_wire\" alt=\"dunera_wire\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-oldest-dunera-boys\/\">The oldest Dunera Boys<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-27437 post-27437 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biography tag-8th-australian-employment-company-en tag-australia tag-dunera-en tag-internment tag-sgt-snow-white tag-sydney-loder tag-taxi-nach-leipzig\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Lohde_Beitrag-rct6diwfi7ekocjmcorl5j3kz2ialcebah2xtl91ow.png\" title=\"Lohde_Beitrag\" alt=\"Lohde_Beitrag\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/sigurd-sigismund-lohde\/\">Sigurd Sigismund Lohde<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-prev\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Previous\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-chevron-left\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M646 125C629 125 613 133 604 142L308 442C296 454 292 471 292 487 292 504 296 521 308 533L604 854C617 867 629 875 646 875 663 875 679 871 692 858 704 846 713 829 713 812 713 796 708 779 692 767L438 487 692 225C700 217 708 204 708 187 708 171 704 154 692 142 675 129 663 125 646 125Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-next\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Next\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-chevron-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M696 533C708 521 713 504 713 487 713 471 708 454 696 446L400 146C388 133 375 125 354 125 338 125 325 129 313 142 300 154 292 171 292 187 292 204 296 221 308 233L563 492 304 771C292 783 288 800 288 817 288 833 296 850 308 863 321 871 338 875 354 875 371 875 388 867 400 854L696 533Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote without-quotes is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-4eff1cd9-2c8f-49f2-b56f-896201050dd2\">He rightly plays almost no role in the historiography of the Dunera&#8217;s journey: Wolfgang Kittel was the only one to be released en route, much to everyone&#8217;s surprise. During the stopover in Cape Town, he was brought ashore and disappeared from the sight of the internees. So he is not a Dunera Boy. Nevertheless, his biography seems to be of interest. After all, it is a perfect example of how the Nazi era and its functionaries were dealt with in the Federal Republic of Germany. This biography therefore contains critical tones that are rooted in the anti-fascist stance of the operators of dunera.de.<\/p>\n<cite>Peter Dehn January 2025.<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_84 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">In this article:<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wolfgang-kittel\/#The_man_who_was_allowed_to_disembark\" >The man who was allowed to disembark<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wolfgang-kittel\/#As_mercenary_with_the_murderers_of_Liebknecht_and_Luxemburg\" >As mercenary with the murderers of Liebknecht and Luxemburg<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wolfgang-kittel\/#Studies_career\" >Studies, career<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wolfgang-kittel\/#In_Colombia\" >In Colombia<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wolfgang-kittel\/#For_Lufthansa_in_Africa\" >For Lufthansa in Africa<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wolfgang-kittel\/#No_mutiny_and_its_source\" >No mutiny and its source<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wolfgang-kittel\/#A_farewell_in_brown_style\" >A farewell in brown style?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wolfgang-kittel\/#From_Cape_Town_to_the_Isle_of_Man\" >From Cape Town to the Isle of Man<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wolfgang-kittel\/#Internment_friendships_1_Werner_Gerlach\" >Internment friendships 1: Werner Gerlach<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wolfgang-kittel\/#Internment_friendships_2_Werner_T_Schaurte\" >Internment friendships 2: Werner T. Schaurte<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wolfgang-kittel\/#Relationships_from_internment\" >Relationships from internment<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wolfgang-kittel\/#%E2%80%9CI_am_not_an_extremist%E2%80%9D\" >&#8220;I am not an extremist&#8221;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wolfgang-kittel\/#Back_in_aviation\" >Back in aviation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wolfgang-kittel\/#Addendum_Federal_Cross_of_Merit_with_Star\" >Addendum: Federal Cross of Merit with Star<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wolfgang-kittel\/#Footnotes\" >Footnotes<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_man_who_was_allowed_to_disembark\"><\/span><strong>The man who was allowed to disembark<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16747'>Wolfgang Hellmut Alexander Kittel<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[1]  Charlottenburg registry office, entry no. 1169 dated 15 November 1899.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> was born on 11 November 1899 in <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16750'>Charlottenburg<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[2]  Charlottenburg was a suburb and independent town until its incorporation into Greater Berlin in 1920.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. His parents were Miesko Kittel (1856 \u2013 1923), a specialist in gouty rheumatic diseases, and his first wife Auguste Juliane Alice Reschke (1869 \u2013 1925). After general school, Wolfgang Kittel attended an <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16754'>officer&#8217;s school in Innsbruck<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[3]  For further biographical details, see Wikipedia on <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wolfgang_Kittel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kittel<\/a> (German), accessed on 2 August 2023.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> and served in the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16757'>Austrian army<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[4]  Denazification files Wolfgang Kittel, curriculum vitae, in the State Archive of North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland Department, NW 1007 (SBE Hauptausschuss Landkreis Grevenbroich), no. 2149, page 46, accessed via archivportal-d.de on 20 May 2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> during the First World War until 30 November 1918. He joined the Freikorps in Agepril 1919.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"As_mercenary_with_the_murderers_of_Liebknecht_and_Luxemburg\"><\/span><strong>As mercenary with the murderers of Liebknecht and Luxemburg<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some of these mercenary units were instrumental in crushing attempts to establish grassroots democratic political structures after the First World War and the end of the German Empire. \u201cDuring the fighting in Bavaria, I served briefly in the field. Art. Reg. 21 and then in the Graf Keller Corps\u201d, Kittel confirmed his participation in the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-18912'>crushing of the Munich Council Republic<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[5]  Ibid. Cf. Wikipedia about <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freikorps\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Freikorps<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M%C3%BCnchner_R%C3%A4terepublik\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Munich Council Republic<\/a>, retrieved Dec 10, 2023.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. founded in April 1919.<br><br>The <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16765'>murderers of Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[6]  Wikipedia about the assassination of <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Morde_an_Karl_Liebknecht_und_Rosa_Luxemburg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Liebknecht and Luxemburg<\/a>, accessed 20 Aug 2024, abgerufen 20.8.2023.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> were recruited from the ranks of the Freikorps. Kittel is said to have later <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-18916'>boasted<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[7]  Cf. Francois Lafitte, \u201eThe Internment of Aliens\u201c, London 1940, page 139.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> of his membership of this gang of murderers while in British internment.<br><br>The ultra-right-wing Freikorps initially fought against the Soviet Union in the Baltic states, among other places. They regarded the left-wing workers&#8217; and soldiers&#8217; councils, which had taken power in many places in Germany following the abdication of the Kaiser&#8217;s government, as their main enemy (with public support from the SPD-led Reich government). This did not prevent the Freikorps from staging a coup against the Weimar Republic of their previous employers as early as 1920 &#8211; in some cases under the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16770'>swastika<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[8]  The swastika was used by the so-called Ehrhardt Brigade during the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dhm.de\/lemo\/kapitel\/weimarer-republik\/innenpolitik\/luettwitz-kapp-putsch-1920.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kapp Putsch<\/a>. Cf. German Historical Museum LeMo, accessed 25 May 2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<br><br>Numerous <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16774'>leading Nazis<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[9]  Cf. Wikipedia on <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freikorps#Bekannte_Freikorpsf%C3%BChrer_und_-mitglieder\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Freikorps<\/a>, accessed 24 May 2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> emerged from the Freikorps.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Studies_career\"><\/span><strong>Studies, career<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After various jobs, Kittel studied at the TH Munich and the TU Berlin without obtaining a degree. He married Carola Mathilde Elfriede Remy in 1922. The marriage remained childless and they divorced in 1939.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-border-color is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-color:#d45847;border-width:4px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);box-shadow:var(--wp--preset--shadow--sharp);flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"769\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/1918_Mordaufruf.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16390\" style=\"width:330px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/1918_Mordaufruf.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/1918_Mordaufruf-300x231.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/1918_Mordaufruf-768x591.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;The approximately 400,000 members of the 120 or so Freikorps that can be traced by name had primarily anti-revolutionary and <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16801'>anti-democratic views<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[10]  Arnulf Scriba, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dhm.de\/lemo\/kapitel\/weimarer-republik\/revolution-191819\/freikorps.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Freikorps<\/a>\", DHM, Lemo, abgerufen am 10.5.2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.&#8221; With their help, the SPD government got rid of the left-wing opposition, which was forced to barricade itself against the Freikorps in Munich, Berlin and Hamburg, among other places, in order to defend itself against the monarchists. Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht were murdered by <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16805'>Freikorps officers<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[11]  Wikipedia about <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Waldemar_Pabst\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Waldemar Pabst<\/a>. The officer who played a key role in the murders of Luxemburg and Liebknecht was protected in the Federal Republic. On 8 February 1962, the Bulletin of the Press and Information Office of the Federal Government legitimised the murders as \"summary executions\" in order to \"end the civil war and save Germany from communism\".<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> on 15 January 1919, a few days after the publication of the Reich government&#8217;s call for hatred.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"686\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/19190109_Reichsanzeiger-686x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16388\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/19190109_Reichsanzeiger-686x1024.jpg 686w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/19190109_Reichsanzeiger-201x300.jpg 201w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/19190109_Reichsanzeiger-768x1146.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/19190109_Reichsanzeiger.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 686px) 100vw, 686px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"caption wp-block-paragraph\">Above: Call for murder on Berlin advertising pillars in December 1918 (source unclear). Below: Publication by the Ebert government in the Reichsanzeiger of 9 January 1919 (public domain).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> According to his Wikipedia entry, Kittel worked in an unknown function for the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16778'>Lohmann Group<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[12]  Wikipedia about W.A. Kittel loc.cit. and Lufthansa media release \"Wolfgang A. Kittel 65 Jahre\" from 5 November 1964.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> from 1924 to 1928, &#8220;which, among other things, rebuilt the German flying schools&#8221;, <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16781'>Deutsche Lufthansa<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[13]  Lufthansa, founded in 1926, \"fulfilled tasks in the secret rearmament\", historian Lutz Budrass in \"Adler und Kranich\", cited by J. Flottau \"Die Lufthansa n\u00e4hert sich ihrer Nazi-Geschichte\", <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sueddeutsche.de\/wirtschaft\/lufthansa-in-der-nazizeit-wie-im-flug-1.2902655\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">S\u00fcddeutsche Zeitung<\/a> 14 March 2016, accessed 24 May 2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> trivialised the machinations of the naval officer Lohmann in a <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16785'>tribute to Kittel<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[14]  Lufthansa media release loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. This does not rule out Kittel&#8217;s involvement in the company&#8217;s activities for the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16788'>illegal secret rearmament<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[15]  Cf. Wikipedia about <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lohmann-Aff%C3%A4re_(Weimarer_Republik)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lohmann affair<\/a>, accessed 5 Aug 2023.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> of Germany, which were co-financed by the Reich government. Lohmann maintained relationships with the aircraft manufacturers Junkers and Heinkel, among others.<br><br>It is interesting, however, that Kittel concealed the Lohmann job during his denazification. After the war, he declared that he had been \u201ehead of the Berlin test field for <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16792'>Deutsche Huragan G.m.b.H.<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[16]  Denazification files Kittel loc.cit., page 46.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> from 1925 until its dissolution in 1928. According to Kittel, the shipping company <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-18920'>Norddeutscher Lloyd<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[17]  Cf. Wikipedia about <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norddeutscher_Lloyd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Norddeutscher Lloyd<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deutsche_Schiff-_und_Maschinenbau_Aktiengesellschaft\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deschima<\/a>, retrieved Sep 10, 2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (co-founder of Deutsche Luft Hansa AG in 1926) and its shipyard service provider Deutsche Schiff- und Maschinenbau AG (Deschima) were also involved in the company. Kittels denazification file contains a copy of a <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16794'>power of attorney<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[18]  Ibid page 57.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> granted to Kittel by the managing director. However, entries in the commercial register (directories from 1928 to 1931) show that this company, which was only founded in 1927, existed in Berlin <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16796'>at least until 1931<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[19]  The business purpose of Deutsche Huragan GmbH was machines for grinding and crushing. Cf. commercial registers , entries <a href=\"https:\/\/digital.zlb.de\/viewer\/image\/34457317_1928\/705\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1928<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/und https:\/\/digital.zlb.de\/viewer\/image\/34457317_1931\/660\/LOG_0047\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1931<\/a>, via ZLB and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.de\/books\/edition\/Index_of_Trademarks_Issued_from_the_Unit\/Tc_vGuqiWVMC?hl=de&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=deutsche+huragan&amp;pg=RA8-PA65&amp;printsec=frontcover\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Index of Trademarks<\/a> of the US Patent Office 1927, page 65.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<br><br>At the same time, Kittel played ice hockey successfully for the Berlin Ice Skating Club (German champion in 1927) and the national team (Bronze Medal, 1928 Olympics).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_Colombia\"><\/span><strong>In Colombia<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1928, Kittel went to Colombia to work for the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16809'>Scadta<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[20]  Wikipedia about <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SCADTA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scadta<\/a>, accessed 25 May 2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Sociedad Colombo Alemana de Transportes A\u00e9reos). The German-Colombian company was founded in 1919 and was the second in the world to operate a scheduled air service. At its headquarters in Baranquilla, former fighter pilots and technicians from Germany worked alongside the management. Junkers and Dornier aeroplanes were used for mail and freight transport.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kittel worked there continuously in various <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16813'>management positions<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[21]  Kittel denazification files loc.cit., page 61.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. Among other things, he was the manager of Girardot Airport and, from 1930, office manager in Col\u00f3n (Panama). He then researched new business opportunities within Colombia and was later head of the transport department in Bogota and then office manager in Cartagena. From 1 March 1935 he acted as works inspector and from September 1936 as head of the technical secretariat for the whole of Scadta.<br><br>The establishment of Scadta\u2019s <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16815'>aerial photography department<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[22]  <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scadta.de\/Scadta-Fluggesellschaft\/Scadta-Fluggesellschaft\/1929-1933.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scadta.de<\/a>, website about Scadta by Bernd W\u00f6hlbrandt, accessed 24 June 2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in 1925 could fit into a political and economic concept of circumventing the armaments ban of the Treaty of Versailles abroad. Shortly afterwards, 1,800 photos were taken in the border area between Colombia and Venezuela. The military orientation of a survey of such a border area seems obvious. A cooperation between Scadta, Lufthansa&#8217;s predecessor Aero Lloyd and a Hamburg-based company from 2024 could also be seen as having a certain flavour: The intention was to &#8220;promote <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16819'>sales of German aircraft<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[23]  Ibid.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> abroad&#8221; via a joint airline.<br><br>Last but not least, aircraft could be tested under comparatively extreme climatic conditions in everyday flight. Pilots and technicians were trained. From 1932, several Junkers F13s were converted to train military pilots for the Colombian war against Peru; <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16822'>two German pilots<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[24]  Ibid, 1929f.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> were seconded to the military.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"288\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/scadta_logo.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16405\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/scadta_logo.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/scadta_logo-300x173.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"660\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SCADTA_Junkers_W_34__Magdalena_wikiedpaScadta_-1024x660.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16407 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SCADTA_Junkers_W_34__Magdalena_wikiedpaScadta_-1024x660.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SCADTA_Junkers_W_34__Magdalena_wikiedpaScadta_-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SCADTA_Junkers_W_34__Magdalena_wikiedpaScadta_-768x495.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SCADTA_Junkers_W_34__Magdalena_wikiedpaScadta_.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A Junkers W34 of the Scadta on the Rio Magdalena.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is not known what role this Colombian connection played together with manufacturers, the Reichswehr and the German government in the evasion of the rearmament ban (see Lohmann affair) and what part Kittel may have played in this.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/1929_KittelBrief.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16411 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/1929_KittelBrief.png 1000w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/1929_KittelBrief-300x118.png 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/1929_KittelBrief-768x303.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Airmail letter from W. Kittel to Dr Scheibe dated 7 May 1929, sent with &#8220;Servicio Postal Aero Scadta&#8221; from Medellin. Source: Scadta collection B. W\u00f6hlbrandt.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"For_Lufthansa_in_Africa\"><\/span><strong>For Lufthansa in Africa<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After ten years, Wolfgang Kittel returned to Nazi Germany for health reasons, &#8220;where he initially focussed on collecting documents relating to his <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16825'>non-Jewish ancestry<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[25]  Wikipedia about Kittel loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#8220;. Such &#8220;Ariernachweis&#8221; (proof of Aryan ancestry) was a prerequisite for further foreign assignments on behalf of the state or company. His <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16828'>NSDAP membership<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[26]  Bundesarchiv, BArch_R_9361-IX_KARTEI_20340433,_Kittel,_Wolfgang.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (number 3280718) issued in Colombia on 1 June 1933 alone was not sufficient. Kittel &#8220;joined <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16832'>Lufthansa<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[27]  Kittel denazification files loc.cit., page 46.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in 1939&#8243; which sent him to <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16835'>Bathurst<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[28]  Today Banjul, the capital of the <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gambia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Republic of the Gambia<\/a> Cf. Wikipedia on The Gambia, accessed on 20 August 2023.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in August 1939. In the port city of the then British colony of West Gambia, he was to &#8220;relocate the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16839'>Lufthansa flight base<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[29]  Lufthansa media release loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> on the planned South American route from Bathurst to Dakar&#8221;. The German consul in West Gambia (today: Sierra Leone) appointed him as his vacation representative, which gave Kittel diplomatic status. According to Kittel, this was only to \u201ctake care of <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-18927'>passport matters<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[30]  Denazification files Kittel loc.cit., page 47.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> for DLH staff\u201d. The appointment did not reach the British quickly enough. At the beginning of the war, Kittel, like all Germans in the British colonies, was immediately interned by the British and taken to England.<br><br>Later, Kittel was one of the internees and prisoners of war who survived the sinking of the prisoner ship <em><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/arandora-starpart-1\/\">Arandora Star<\/a><\/em> on 2 July 1940 by the U-47 submarine under the command of the German &#8220;naval hero&#8221; Prien. This did not prevent the British from sending him and 450 other survivors to the next ship just eight days later: The <em><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-1\/\">Dunera<\/a><\/em> set sail from Liverpool on 10 July 1940, bound for Australia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"No_mutiny_and_its_source\"><\/span><strong>No mutiny and its source<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;There was a mutiny on board the Dunera off Cape Town, which, according to his second wife Ingeborg Kittel, Kittel <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16841'>put down<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[31]  Wikipedia about Kittel loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> on the side of the crew.&#8221; This is not true; a mutiny is neither officially documented nor proven by press reports or Dunera Boys\u2018 memoirs and research. Nor does it seem fitting for an NSDAP member to make a pact with the enemy against his own comrades while in captivity.<br><br>However, at least one report points to such a plan: Kittel did not reveal the plan, but is said to have been an author himself. According to this, he appeared unexpectedly on one of the decks of the Jewish internees.<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">&#8220;My name is Kittel. I&#8217;m the deck speaker,&#8221; he is said to have introduced himself there. If they wanted to survive the voyage, they would have to &#8220;work together to a certain extent, despite all the differences. (&#8230;) Headless confusion like the other day,&#8221; Kittel alluded to the panic following the <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-2\/\">torpedoing<\/a> of the Dunera, &#8220;endangers us all and makes it impossible to break out of the barbed wire. That&#8217;s my point. (&#8230;) We have an escape plan.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The only reference to this is the memoir novel \u201cDas Gefangenenschiff\u201d (The Prison Ship) by Dunera Boy <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16844'>Klaus Wilczynski<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[32]  Klaus Wilczynski, \u201eDas Gefangenenschiff\u201c (Prison Ship), Berlin 2001, page 104f. This is the only known source that records both events concerning Kittel in this way.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. His book was published in 2001, but the Wikipedia article citated was only created in 2012. The <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-19015'>editing chronology<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[33]  The biography for Wikipedia German was created on <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Kittel&amp;action=history&amp;dir=prev\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nov 11, 2012<\/a> by the author Vicente2782. The mutiny reference does not appear until <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Kittel&amp;direction=next&amp;oldid=141751390\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dec 22, 2015<\/a>. This was added by an anonymous author who only dealt with the biographies of Kittel and his father-in-law Gerlach on Wikipedia. A family member?<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> shows that the wife&#8217;s claim was not added to WIkipedia until 2015, along with other biographical details by an anonymous author. Wilczynski&#8217;s account can therefore in no way have been a reaction to the incorrect Kittel bio on Wikipedia.<br><br>According to Wilczynski, Kittel had developed the following <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16847'>plan for a mutiny<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[34]  Ibid, page 105f.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>:<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">&#8220;First step: My people break down the fence. Second step: your people follow. Together we overpower the guards. Third step: My sailors take over the boats and lower them.&#8221; His men had an axe and a sidearm. &#8220;The first guard gets it between the ribs\u201c. Then they also have a rifle \u201eand that&#8217;s half the wedding&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If this was the case, Kittel was acting quite selfishly in the interests of the 250 or so Germans on his deck \u2013 mainly businessmen and merchant navy sailors. The 20 lifeboats of the <em>Dunera<\/em> were approved for 368 passengers plus crew in <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16851'>civilian traffic<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[35]  Cf. Wikipedia about <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HMT_Dunera\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dunera<\/a>, accessed 20 Aug 2023.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> and were already rather short of space for the 1,167 military personnel on the war licence. There was certainly not enough capacity for 2,500 prisoners plus 300 guards and crew. Either way, the Jewish prisoners did not want to go along with Kittel&#8217;s plan.<br><br>Another aspect seems interesting: there was obviously more &#8220;common ground&#8221; between Kittel and Lt Col Scott, the commander of the guards, than that with which Kittel wanted to make a name for himself with the Jewish internees. Scott made no secret of his sympathies with the Nazis and his <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16853'>anti-Semitism<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[36]  Lt.Col. W.P. Scott, Commander of the Guards on HMT Dunera on 31 August 1940 to the Australian Prisoner of War Command. Quoted from. Paul R. Bartrop\/Gabrielle Eisen \"The Dunera Affair\", page 53.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. On 31 August 1940, he sent a <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/ther-duneras-journeypart-5\/\">statement<\/a> to an Australian officials that makes this clear.<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">About the Nazis on board, he says: &#8220;Their behaviour was exemplary, they are of a fine nature, honest and sincere and extremely disciplined.&#8221; About the Jews, he states, among other things: &#8220;They can only be described as subversive liars, demanding and arrogant &#8230; and they are definitely not to be trusted in word or deed.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_farewell_in_brown_style\"><\/span><strong>A farewell in brown style?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On 8 August 1940, the Dunera arrived in the port of Cape Town (South Africa). There, the internees experienced something astonishing: Wolfgang Kittel was able to leave the Dunera. Dunera Boy Erich Lewinsky introduced his short text with the remark that there are rumours that Kittel is a Nazi spy. <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16858'>Lewinsky<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[37]  \"Cape Town Incident\" by Erich Lewinsky, Dunera News no. 26, page 17.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> describes his farewell rather matter-of-factly:<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">&#8220;While I cannot vouchsafe any of the foregoing , having been on the aft-deck, where it all happened,! can vividly recall the \u201afare we ll ceremony\u2018 with some of the Nazi seamen prisoners giving th e Nazi salute and singing the Horst Wessel song as Kitte l was led away.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dunera Boy <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/?p=18542\">George Chodziesner<\/a> described the event in a similarly detached way.<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cThe ship had already cast off, but suddenly makes fast again and the gangway is pushed out. The leader of the German seamen on the rear deck, Kittel, who is supposed to have been a representative of the German Luft Hansa and German Vice-consul in South Africa, is suddenly called before the Commander. After a short while he returns, assembles his men, makes a short speech, in which he states that he hast o leave the ship immediately. He is escorted off the ship; reasons cannot be ascertained.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The communist Wilczynski describes the incident far more <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16862'>dramatically<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[38]  Wilczynski loc.cit, page 162.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>:<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">&#8220;He gives a short speech in which he talks a lot about victory and perseverance, and at the end raises his right hand in the Nazi salute and shouts \u2019Heil Hitler, comrades! A rather weak \u2018Heil Hitler\u2019 comes back in response to the \u2018German\u2019 farewell. Kittel angrily raises his arm a second time: \u2018I said Heil Hitler, comrades! That has an effect. There is nothing more to criticise about the thunderous Heil that resounds back at him.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wilczynski may be picking up on a sentence by Francois Lafitte. He had linked the statement that in the British Warner&#8217;s Camp near Seaton \u201cthere were Gestapo men and Nazi murderers\u201d with the remark that Kittel and another had boasted there that they had been among the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-18934'>murderers of Rosa Luxemburg<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[39]  Cf. Lafitte loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<br><br>The fact that such a Nazi gathering on board a British prisoner ship could have been possible seems to indicate the above-mentioned ideological sympathies of the commander of the guards Scott with the Nazis. <br><br>The reports on his farewell, which agree in general, if not in detail, also speak against the assertion that Kittel had acted on the side of the guards against the prisoners<br><br>Documents from the German Foreign Office confirm the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-18936'>actual reason<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[40]  German Foreign Office to Peter Dehn, email of Jan 2, 2023.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> for Kittel&#8217;s move from the <em>Dunera<\/em> via Cape Town to England.<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cWolfgang Kittel was not actually a member of the diplomatic or consular service. The office of electoral consul in Bathurst in what was then West Gambia was held by Ernst Klaube, the Lufthansa representative there. When he announced in the spring of 1939 that he would be taking a five-month vacation in late summer after several years in Africa, Wolfgang Kittel, who was employed by Lufthansa, was appointed to represent Mr. Klaube in both of his functions during this time.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The British had been informed of this in July 1939. The start of the war postponed the necessary approval from the British government, so that Kittel was initially treated as an \u201cordinary foreigner\u201d. There is no mention of a reward for suppressing a mutiny or any cooperation with the guards. Rather, it appears that the British, having established his status as a consular representative, wanted to use Kittel for a diplomatic exchange.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"From_Cape_Town_to_the_Isle_of_Man\"><\/span><strong>From Cape Town to the Isle of Man<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By his own admission, Kittel was initially housed in Wynberg Prison in Cape Town. He was then able to travel to England unguarded \u2018on his word of honour\u2019 and first class by ship. After just under five weeks, he found himself in the Oratory Central School in London. He &#8220;had a kind of box seat for the night attacks&#8221;, <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16865'>he wrote from there<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[41]  Transcript in the archive of the Federal Foreign Office, RAV 26-1_4102.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> on 14 September 1940 to an employee of the Nazi embassy in Paris. He complained about the lack of clothing and money and praised the supply of cigarettes. The Foreign Office file quotes a telegram dated 12 September 1940 about the visit of <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16869'>Swiss diplomats<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[42]  Ibid.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> to Kittel: he &#8220;has recovered well from the ordeal he went through&#8221;. He was now detained in London with a group from the German consulate in Reykjavik (see below) and was awaiting the exchange.<br><br>It is not known exactly when Alexander Kittel and the others had been brought to the Isle of Man. Jewish refugees and Nazi opponents like <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/heinz-dehn\/\">Heinz Dehn<\/a><strong> <\/strong>had been accommodated in May and June 1940 in a number of locations in flats that were empty except for straw sacks. In contrast to that Kittel enjoyed comparative luxury as a diplomat <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16871'>from December 1940<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[43]  Wikipedia about Kittel loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. His quarters were <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16873'>Dunluce House<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[44]  Manx National Heritage to Peter Dehn from 17 Dec 2021.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> on the southern edge of Ramsey. A small group of Nazi celebrities lived in the villa, which had its own bathing beach. Two of these people would have a lasting impact on Kittel&#8217;s life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Internment_friendships_1_Werner_Gerlach\"><\/span>Internment friendships 1: Werner Gerlach<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16878'>Werner Gerlach<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[45]  Wikipedia about <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Werner_Gerlach\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Werner Gerlach<\/a> (German), accessed 10 Aug 2023.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (1891 &#8211; 1963) was a doctor and pathologist and NSDAP member no. 1,780,666 since 1 July 1933. From 1929 he taught at the University of Basel, where he was dismissed in 1936 for &#8220;National Socialist activities contrary to discipline&#8221;. However, the cancellation of the dismissal by a court was &#8220;unjustified, as Gerlach, according to his own &#8211; later &#8211; statement, was part of the \u201cshock troop\u201d that prepared the \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16881'>incorporation of German Switzerland into the Reich<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[46]  Biography of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.catalogus-professorum-halensis.de\/gerlachwerner.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Werner Gerlach<\/a> at Martin Luther University Halle, accessed 15 June 2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#8220;.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He was then appointed as Professor to the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16647'>national socialist model university<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[47]  Wikipedia \u00fcber die <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Friedrich-Schiller-Universit%C3%A4t_Jena#Weimarer_Republik_und_Nationalsozialismus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Uni Jena<\/a>, abgerufen am 20.8.2023.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> Jena, where from April 1937 he replaced a colleague who had to flee because of his Jewish wife. In 1937, he was appointed an honorary SS-Hauptsturmf\u00fchrer in Himmler&#8217;s personal staff (!). After the pogroms of November 1938, he is said to have denounced the forensic doctor <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16887'>Ernst Giese<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[48]  Cf. files of the Jena University Archives, cf. Wikipedia on <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ernst_Giese_(physician)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ernst Giese<\/a>\u00a0 loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> because he had treated Jews. In 1939, the Nazis made Gerlach a diplomat and Consul General in Iceland. He was interned there with his wife and two daughters after the start of the war, first in London and then in Dunluce House on the Isle of Man in autumn 1940. On 24 September 1941, the family was exchanged via Lisbon for the British ambassador to Belgium, Sir Lancelot Oliphant.<br><br>The exchange of the Gerlach family in 1941 is referred to in a note in a local <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-18942'>Isle of Man newspaper<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[49]  Ramsey Courier from Sep 26, 1941, Archives of Manx National Heritage.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>: \u201cSome official German diplomats, including one staying at Dunluce, Ramsey, are involved in an exchange for British diplomats in enemy hands. The group left the island on Wednesday; their luggage is labeled &#8216;Berlin&#8217;.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"631\" height=\"473\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/DunluceHouse.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16429 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/DunluceHouse.png 631w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/DunluceHouse-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 631px) 100vw, 631px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kittel shared the comparatively luxurious quarters in Dunluce House with six people. Source: Manx Museum.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As thanks for the generous accommodation in the five-room villa, Gerlach gave the Nazis a <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16891'>show of hatred<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[50]  \"Hakenkreuzbanner\", NSDAP newspaper, Mannheim from 11 November 1941. Via <a href=\"https:\/\/www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de\/newspaper\/item\/AIBCWMAMXGRYE76JXUWYUN3TQ6YAVQQH?sort=sort.publication_date+desc&amp;query=oliphant&amp;page=2&amp;hit=1&amp;issuepage=2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deutsche Nationalbibliothek<\/a>. accessed 20 Aug 2023.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> and propaganda: Great Britain had &#8220;renounced all international law without any reservations&#8221;. &#8220;British barbarism&#8221; had put the diplomat &#8220;in prison, as even Negroes who recognise the right of envoys would not have dared to treat him&#8221; the rassist <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16895'>synchronised<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[51]  Among others, \"Westf\u00e4lische Zeitung\" 11 November 1941. Via <a href=\"https:\/\/www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de\/newspaper\/item\/3CMMBPUXF5MATLI3CXQFSHFS6ZVIMVXL?sort=sort.publication_date+desc&amp;query=oliphant&amp;page=1&amp;hit=17&amp;issuepage=6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek<\/a>, accessed on 20 August 2023.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> Nazi press rushed.<br><br>After returning to the Reich, Gerlach continued to work in Nazi diplomacy, including in Paris. He was appointed SS Brigadef\u00fchrer (equivalent to the military rank of general) in 1942. After the war, he was interned by the USA until 1948 and questioned in the war crimes trial, among other things. In 1949, he founded a <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16898'>private pathological institute<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[52]  Wikipedia about Gerlach loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in Kempten.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Internment_friendships_2_Werner_T_Schaurte\"><\/span>Internment friendships 2: Werner T. Schaurte<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another resident of Dunluce House was <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16902'>Werner T. Schaurte<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[53]  Wikipedia about <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Werner_T._Schaurte\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Werner T. Schaurte<\/a>, accessed on 20 Aug 2023.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (1893 &#8211; 1978), who ran the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16905'>Bauer &amp; Schaurte<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[54]  The company headquartered in Neuss, North Rhine-Westphalia, became known for its Bauer and Schaurte hexagon socket screws (hex key, German: <strong><em>In<\/em><\/strong>nensechskantschrauben <strong><em>B<\/em><\/strong>auer <strong><em>u<\/em><\/strong>nd <strong><em>S<\/em><\/strong>chaurte - Inbus for short).<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> metal goods factories from 1917. Schaurte and his companion Count Lothar von Hoensbroech had been interned while travelling in Canada. Coming from there, they arrived at Dunluce House in December 1940 at the latest.<br><br>On May 1, 1933, Schaurte had already made a declaration of loyalty to Hitler in front of the company&#8217;s workforce and welcomed the fact &#8220;that 115 members of staff had joined together to form an SA storm&#8221;. Schaurte was a member of the NSDAP and SA, a friend of Hermann G\u00f6ring and held positions in industrial organisations. The company, which was important to the war effort, benefited from as around <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16909'>2,000 women<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[55]  \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/nrw.vvn-bda.de\/2019\/01\/17\/verbrechen-der-wirtschaft-am-beispiel-der-firma-bauer-schaurte-neuss\/\">Verbrechen der Wirtschaft am Beispiel der Firma Bauer &amp; Schaurte (Neuss)<\/a>\u201c (Crimes of the economy using the example of the Bauer &amp; Schaurte company), by researches of the association of the persecuted VVN NRW, accessed on 20 Aug 2023.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> as forced labourers in three camps at the main site in Neuss alone as well as from 10,000 workers in the annexed territories.<br><br>During denazification, Schaurte was categorised as a &#8220;<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16913'>follower<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[56]  Wikipedia about Schaurte loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#8220;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Relationships_from_internment\"><\/span>Relationships from internment<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16919'>British secret telegram<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[57]  National Achives of Australia, NAA_ItemNumber781825, pages 14\/15.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> from April 1941 proves that Wolfgang Kittel was active on behalf of the Nazis &#8211; and in the direction of Australia &#8211; during the war and even during his internment: &#8220;A letter intercepted by the censor to Wolfgang Kittel, interned on the Isle of Man shows that he is receiving from Germany number of names and addresses of persons in Australia.&#8221; This telegram from London is preceded by the note that the letter was addressed to an &#8220;Kittel self confessed Nazi&#8221;.<br><br>Wolfgang Kittel was only exchanged via Portugal on May 25, 1943 and arrived in Berlin soon. In September, he travelled to Paris to Gerlach&#8217;s place of employment. There he married Gerlachs younger daughter Ingeborg in his second marriage.&nbsp; Until then, Lufthansa had paid him <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16924'>2,500 Reichsmarks<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[58]  Kittel denazification files loc.cit., page 11.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> a year, even though he was interned.<br><br>Back in Germany, he was employed by his internment friend Werner Schaurte. In 1945, he was promoted to deputy &#8220;Betriebsf\u00fchrer&#8221; at Bauer &amp; Schauerte. Among other things, he was responsible for securing the machinery against attacks and preseverve it for the time after the military defeat of the Nazi empire. This was &#8220;passive resistance against the Ministry of Armaments&#8221;, <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16927'>Kittel claimed<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[59]  Ibid page 66, cv from 15 April 1947.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> during his denazification.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"454\" height=\"232\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/NAA_781825_S15.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16453 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/NAA_781825_S15.png 454w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/NAA_781825_S15-300x153.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 454px) 100vw, 454px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kittel receives addresses of contacts in Australia from Germany. Source: National Archives of Australia, NAA_781825.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"910\" height=\"470\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/HomeOfficeKittel.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16450 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/HomeOfficeKittel.png 910w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/HomeOfficeKittel-300x155.png 300w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/HomeOfficeKittel-768x397.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 910px) 100vw, 910px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The British index card notes: &#8220;Repatriated on 25 May 1943&#8221;. Source: ancestry.de.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9CI_am_not_an_extremist%E2%80%9D\"><\/span><strong>&#8220;I am not an extremist&#8221;<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In his denazification file, he describes his NSDAP membership as a misstep. &#8220;I regret having had the political short-sightedness in 1933 to consider the NSDAP a political panacea and to have joined it because I am <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16931'>not an extremist<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[60]  Ibid, page 67<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.&#8221; In Colombia, he was mainly informed by holidaymakers about what was happening in and around Germany. &#8220;They were the unconscious carriers of the propaganda. (&#8230;) It was only later that I realised just how much the ship&#8217;s atmosphere was \u2018promoted\u2019 by impeccable party members in the crew.&#8221; Last but not least, the NSDAP had been a platform for demonstrating the cohesion of the German colony to foreign countries.<br><br>As early as June 1945 he was accused of having betrayed a company employee to the Gestapo for &#8220;defeatism&#8221;. He was arrested and was imprisoned in a camp in Recklinghausen until November 1946. There he worked temporarily as an interpreter and head of the post office. In the course of his denazification, he regrets that he cannot refute this himself because his private files in the company were destroyed against his orders. Other people named in the incident all confirmed that Kittel had no more to do with the incident than they did themselvemos.<br><br>After Wolfgang Kittel presented himself as ignorant and manipulated by third parties, he was denazified as a follower.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Back_in_aviation\"><\/span><strong>Back in aviation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After his dismissal, he worked for a metal company from 1945 to 1947. When preparations began for the reestablishment of Deutsche Lufthansa, he joined the company immediately. He was head of the materials sector at the predecessor company &#8220;AG f\u00fcr Luftverkehrsbedarf&#8221;, which was founded in 1953. With the start of Lufthansa AG&#8217;s scheduled flight operations, he was in charge of ticket sales for North and Central America from New York from May 1955. In 1959 he became a member of the Executive Board with responsibility for sales, PR and Air Union negotiations for the Group. He retired in 1964.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"624\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/KittelWolfgang_Lufthansagroup.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16439\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/KittelWolfgang_Lufthansagroup.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/KittelWolfgang_Lufthansagroup-240x300.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"caption wp-block-paragraph\">Wolfgang Kittel. Photo: Lufthansa Group.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wolfgang Hellmut Alexander Kittel died on 27 February 1967, leaving behind his wife Ingeborg and two sons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Addendum_Federal_Cross_of_Merit_with_Star\"><\/span><strong>Addendum: Federal Cross of Merit with Star<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wolfgang Kittel was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany with Star on 22 January 1965. The reason given publicly was his contribution to the reconstruction of Lufthansa and its further development.<br><br>The documents that accompanied and justified Kittel&#8217;s award of the Federal Cross of Merit are interesting. After all, they are quite prototypical of the way <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16934'>former Nazis<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[61]  Among others, <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hans_Globke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hans Globke<\/a>, co-author of the Nazi racial laws and head of Adenauer's Federal Chancellery, or the Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg Prime Minister <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Filbinger-Aff%C3%A4re#Milit%C3%A4rrichter_im_und_nach_dem_Zweiten_Weltkrieg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hans Filbinger<\/a>, who passed judgements as a naval judge in captivity, should be remembered. Both were honoured with Federal Crosses of Merit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> were dealt with, who were launched into <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16938'>top positions<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[62]  Up to 77% of senior civil servants in the Federal Ministry of Justice were former NSDAP members. So the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bmj.de\/SharedDocs\/Publikationen\/DE\/Broschueren\/Akte_Rosenburg_Geschichtsband_1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rosenburg file<\/a> in 2016 - with a maximum of delay. Federal Justice Minister Buschmann (Liberal party) understoond \"why the prosecution of the Nazi crimes was evaded for so long and the suffering of the victims ignored for so long\", absolving politicians of responsibility. Accessed on 10 Aug 2023.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in the Federal Republic of Germany and many of whom were honored with the highest decorations.<br><br>Kittel&#8217;s NSDAP membership was of little consequence. This was known to the State Chancellery of North Rhine-Westphalia, where the award proposal came from. However, he would have something like &#8220;mitigating circumstances&#8221;, although it was <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16944'>not known<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[63]  Internal NSDAP correspondence dated 7 and 15 September 1936, cf. archive of the Office of the Federal President in the Federal Archives. B 122_38621_Kittel.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> why he had been &#8220;disqualified from holding a party position for a period of two years&#8221; in 1936. This sanction applied to the period up to mid-1938 at the latest and therefore did not prevent Kittel from immediately receiving the foreign assignment for Lufthansa and being appointed as a diplomat for Nazi Germany. According to a self-declaration for denazification, he had been punished because he had signed a letter with others criticizing the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-18967'>dismissal<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[64]  Denazification files Kittel loc.cit., page 48.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> of <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16950'>Scadta boss K\u00fchl<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[65]  <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scadta.de\/Scadta-Fluggesellschaft\/Scadta-Fluggesellschaft\/1934-1938.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">W\u00f6hlbrandt<\/a> (loc.cit.) attributes this to pilots sent by the Nazis who had complained to Luftwaffe chief G\u00f6ring about K\u00fchl, accessed on 24 May 2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. German Pilots had complained about this to the Luftwaffe chief G\u00f6ring. This seems to confirm that they were German military personnel who were trained abroad, contrary to the Treaty of Versailles. And that the Nazi government obviously had considerable influence on the activities of the Scadta.<br><br>Those responsible for the Cross of Merit concluded that &#8220;must be assumed that the decision of the party court was essentially <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-16953'>preventative in nature<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[66]  Archive of the Office of the Federal President, AZ B 122_38621_Kittel.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#8220;. This is how the D\u00fcsseldorf State Chancellery of North Rhine-Westfalia responded to a corresponding enquiry from the Office of the Federal President of Germany. Does official ignorance like that (or: not willing to know?) protect against punishment?<br><br>Kittel&#8217;s involvement in the founding and as member of the board of the &#8220;Soziales Hilfswerk f\u00fcr Zivilinternierte e.V.&#8221;, which was banned in 1959 as anti-constitutional, was not an obstacle either. The organisation had been officially founded in 1952 to support ex-POWs and their surviving dependants. Kittel had &#8220;relinquished his membership of the board at around the time&#8221; when the association changed its &#8220;political direction&#8221; to &#8220;a radical right-wing political direction&#8221;. <br><br>It can therefore be &#8220;<em>assumed<\/em> (emphasis pd) that he distanced himself from this development of the aid organisation&#8221; and &#8220;no longer participated&#8221;. Admittedly, the North Rhine-Westfalia (NRW) State Chancellery conceded that the founding board &#8220;without exception included former members of the NSDAP&#8221;. However, because they were not prominent Nazis, the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-18956'>radical right-wing intention<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[67]  Archive of the Office of the Federal President loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> behind the founding of the association was not recognisable. Dr Julius Seeger (CDU), Head of the NRW State Chancellery, wrote this to the Office of the Federal President on November 25, 1964, referring to the NRW-branch of domestic intelligence services.<br><br>Incidentally, the award was also <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-18961'>justified internally<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[68]  Archive of the Office of the Federal President loc.cit., page 237.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> by the fact that the Chairman of the Executive Board Bongers of the then <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-18970'>state-owned company<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[69]  Lufthansa AG was almost 100 percent owned by the Federal Republic of Germany until 1963 and was not fully privatized until 1997. Cf. Wikipedia about <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lufthansa#Heutige_Lufthansa_(gegr%C3%BCndet_1953)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lufthansa AG<\/a>, retrieved Aug 20, 2023.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> Lufthansa also had the medal and that Kittels&#8217; \u201cposition (regardless of pay) corresponds to that of a ministerial director.\u201d Did Kittel&#8217;s \u201cmerits\u201d therefore exist quasi \u201cby virtue of nomenclature\u201d?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-border-color is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-color:#d45847;border-width:4px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);box-shadow:var(--wp--preset--shadow--sharp);flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>Commentary<\/em><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The most prominent example of the continuity with which Nazis gained posts and decorations in the Federal Republic of Germany ist he following: <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-18976'>Hans Globke<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[70]  Wikipedia about <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hans_Globke\">Hans Globke<\/a>, the \u201eMann behind Adenauer\u201c (German), retrieved Aug 1, 2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (1898-1973) was co-author of the racial laws and responsible for the naming of Jews with additional first names. He made the seamless leap to the top of Adenauer&#8217;s Federal Chancellery. There he had a decisive influence on the CDU and West German politics. In 1963, he was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany.<br><br>The study \u201c<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-18980'>The Rosenburg File<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[71]  Christoph Safferling, Manfred G\u00f6rtemaker, \u201eDie Akte Rosenburg \u2013 Das BMJ und die NS-Zeit\u201c, 600 pages. Complete version (ISBN 978-3-406-69768-5) C.H. Beck editors 2016. A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bmj.de\/SharedDocs\/Publikationen\/DE\/Broschueren_Sprachvarianten\/Akte_Rosenburg_EN_Geschichtsband_1.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&amp;v=6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">short version<\/a> of 48\u00a0 pages can be downloaded from the Ministry's website.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d was published in 2016. In it, historians commissioned by the Federal Ministry of Justice established that 170 lawyers in leading positions there were former Nazis until 1973. In a short version published in April 2024, the then Minister of Justice Marco Buschmann (FDP) commented: \u201cThese figures help us to understand why the prosecution of Nazi crimes was suppressed for so long, why the suffering of the victims was ignored for so long and why many victim groups &#8211; such as homosexuals or Sinti and Roma &#8211; were once again discriminated against in the Federal Republic of Germany\u201d. This was \u201cdismaying\u201d.<br><br>He does not comment on the responsibility of the political leadership of the Federal Republic for placing ex-Nazis in leading positions. That can probably be described as \u201cdismaying\u201d.<br><br>Peter Dehn<br><br>By the way: <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-18984'>Austria<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[72]  Cf. S\u00fcddeutsche Zeitung online,\u00a0 reports from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sueddeutsche.de\/kultur\/hans-globke-orden-oesterreich-1.7465135?reduced=true\">28.4.2024<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sueddeutsche.de\/projekte\/artikel\/kultur\/hans-globke-oesterreich-orden-e443267\/?reduced=true\">29.12.2023<\/a> (walled garden).<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> stripped Hans Globke of his Order of Merit with Ribbon in 2023. <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-18988'>Switzerland<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[73]  Cf. Entry for Globke on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hdg.de\/lemo\/biografie\/hans-globke.html\">Lebendiges Museum Online<\/a>, retrieved Aug 1, 2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> denied him the right of residence in 1963. The <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-18991'>GDR<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[74]  The wording of the court judgement can be found on <a href=\"https:\/\/fragdenstaat.de\/dokumente\/8322-das-urteil-gegen-globke\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fragdenstaat.de<\/a> (download, German), retrieved Sep 8, 2024.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> Supreme Court sentenced him to life imprisonment in 1963.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Footnotes\"><\/span>Footnotes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>show<\/summary>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/details>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Wolfgang Kittel was the only one who was allowed to leave the Dunera during their journey. Why?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":16384,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[174],"tags":[198,454],"class_list":["post-16740","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biography","tag-hmt-dunera-en","tag-wolfgang-a-kittel"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16740","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16740"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16740\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16384"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16740"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16740"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16740"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}