{"id":13799,"date":"2024-02-10T11:33:12","date_gmt":"2024-02-10T10:33:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/?p=13799"},"modified":"2024-11-28T11:47:30","modified_gmt":"2024-11-28T10:47:30","slug":"the-duneras-journeypart-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-2\/","title":{"rendered":"The Dunera&#8217;s Journey<br>Part 2"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.elementor-7507 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5613107{--display:flex;--flex-direction:row;--container-widget-width:initial;--container-widget-height:100%;--container-widget-flex-grow:1;--container-widget-align-self:stretch;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--justify-content:space-around;--flex-wrap:wrap;--margin-top:0px;--margin-bottom:0px;--margin-left:0px;--margin-right:0px;--padding-top:60px;--padding-bottom:60px;--padding-left:5px;--padding-right:5px;}.elementor-7507 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category-the-duneras-journey-en tag-australia tag-exil-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/dunera_bug-rb7hfxroddh64nji84ewsdihuka9zcbirdmtt6v2s0.jpg\" title=\"dunera_bug\" alt=\"dunera_bug\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-1\/\">The Dunera&#8217;s Journey<br>Part 1<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-13799 post-13799 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-die-reise-der-dunera category-the-duneras-journey 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alt=\"torpedo\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-2\/\">The Dunera&#8217;s Journey<br>Part 2<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-9618 post-9618 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-the-duneras-journey-en tag-australia tag-exil-en 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\/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-3\/\">The Dunera&#8217;s Journey<br>Part 3<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-9859 post-9859 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-the-duneras-journey-en tag-australia tag-exil-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-torpedo-attack\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/dunera_wire-rb7hfzncr1jqrvgrx585xd1f1c10eqizfmxsrqsafk.jpg\" title=\"dunera_wire\" alt=\"dunera_wire\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-4\/\">The Dunera&#8217;s Journey<br>Part 4<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-9956 post-9956 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-the-duneras-journey-en tag-australia tag-exil-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-torpedo-attack tag-w-p-scott-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/dunera_wire-rb7hfzncr1jqrvgrx585xd1f1c10eqizfmxsrqsafk.jpg\" title=\"dunera_wire\" alt=\"dunera_wire\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/ther-duneras-journeypart-5\/\">The Dunera&#8217;s Journey<br>Part 5<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-10003 post-10003 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-the-duneras-journey-en tag-australia tag-dr-alexander-brooks-en tag-exil-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-torpedo-attack\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/dunera_awm-rb7hk8v1p1dhcba82hgcpsdjv51u9ef8cp9xzuh49c.jpg\" title=\"dunera_awm\" alt=\"dunera_awm\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journey-2\/\">The Dunera&#8217;s Journey<br>Part 6<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1582\" class=\"elementor elementor-1582 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-17499 post-17499 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-the-duneras-journey-en tag-augenzeugenbericht-en tag-australia tag-deportation-en tag-exil-en tag-exile tag-georg-chodziesner-en tag-hmt-dunera-en tag-holocaust-en tag-tagebuch-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973247a menu-pic e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"973247a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2f8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/chodziesner_cover_beitrag-rb7gqugrxl4m7dzlqryfq7giz9yji7pgz6p7ma2evk.jpg\" title=\"chodziesner_cover_beitrag\" alt=\"chodziesner_cover_beitrag\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f6239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97f6239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journey-part-7\/\">The Dunera&#8217;s Journey <br>Part 7<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-prev\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Previous\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-chevron-left\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M646 125C629 125 613 133 604 142L308 442C296 454 292 471 292 487 292 504 296 521 308 533L604 854C617 867 629 875 646 875 663 875 679 871 692 858 704 846 713 829 713 812 713 796 708 779 692 767L438 487 692 225C700 217 708 204 708 187 708 171 704 154 692 142 675 129 663 125 646 125Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-next\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Next\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-chevron-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M696 533C708 521 713 504 713 487 713 471 708 454 696 446L400 146C388 133 375 125 354 125 338 125 325 129 313 142 300 154 292 171 292 187 292 204 296 221 308 233L563 492 304 771C292 783 288 800 288 817 288 833 296 850 308 863 321 871 338 875 354 875 371 875 388 867 400 854L696 533Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote without-quotes is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The HMT <em>Dunera<\/em> leaves Liverpool on July 10, 1940. The destination of the ship, which was completely overloaded with around 2,500 internees and prisoners of war as well as around 300 guards and the crew members, is Australia. On July 12, 1940, the unaccompanied ship, which is not marked as a prisoner transport but visibly armed, is attacked by the German submarine U-56. The two torpedoes do not explode. The prisoners held on board behind barbed wire are deeply frightened; panic ensues. 451 of them had narrowly survived the sinking of the internment ship <em>Arandora Star<\/em> by U-47 only a few days earlier, on July 2, 1940.<br>The historical facts were researched for this article in order to get to the bottom of a legend surrounding the torpedoing of the <em>Dunera<\/em>. The novel by an anonymous author, which &#8211; like other war literature from the Federal Republic of Germany &#8211; only claims historical authenticity, plays an important role in this.<\/p>\n<cite>Peter Dehn, February 2024<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">In this article:<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-2\/#The_sinking_of_the_Arandora_Star_%E2%80%93_a_%E2%80%9Csuccess%E2%80%9D_in_the_war_at_sea\" >The sinking of the Arandora Star &#8211; a &#8220;success&#8221; in the war at sea<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-2\/#The_attack_on_HMT_Dunera\" >The attack on HMT Dunera<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-2\/#Firing_report_and_naval_war_command_in_contradiction\" >Firing report and naval war command in contradiction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-2\/#57_days_to_Australia_%E2%80%93_without_any_assistance_from_the_Nazi_navy\" >57 days to Australia &#8211; without any assistance from the Nazi navy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-2\/#No_legend_%E2%80%9Ctorpedo_crisis%E2%80%9C_and_%E2%80%9Cwooden_gun%E2%80%9C\" >No legend: &#8220;torpedo crisis&#8220; and &#8220;wooden gun&#8220;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-2\/#Of_facts_and_circulated_untruths\" >Of facts and circulated untruths<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-2\/#Submerged_and_fished_up\" >Submerged and fished up<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-2\/#The_torpedo_legend_is_born\" >The torpedo legend is born<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-2\/#An_absent_%E2%80%9Chero_of_the_seas%E2%80%9D\" >An absent &#8220;hero of the seas&#8221;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-2\/#Nazi_lies_manufactured_1953\" >Nazi lies, manufactured 1953<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-2\/#Foreign_words_in_the_vocabulary_and_a_commanding_internee\" >Foreign words in the vocabulary and a commanding internee<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-2\/#Blackout_in_the_Outback\" >Blackout in the Outback<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-2\/#Genre_change_penny_dreadfuls_their_ideology_and_authors\" >Genre change: penny dreadfuls, their ideology and authors<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-2\/#The_author_%E2%80%93_deliberately_obscured\" >The author &#8211; deliberately obscured?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-2\/#Prien_A_%E2%80%9Chero%E2%80%9D_in_the_post-war_war_movie\" >Prien: A &#8220;hero&#8221; in the post-war war movie<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-2\/#Pseudonym_for_concealment\" >Pseudonym for concealment<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-2\/#A_non-fiction_book_on_the_submarine_war_without_any_source\" >A non-fiction book on the submarine war without any source<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-2\/#Faulty_sources_and_%E2%80%9CChinese_whispers%E2%80%9D\" >Faulty sources and &#8220;Chinese whispers&#8221;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-2\/#Gods_hand_over_the_Dunera\" >God&#8217;s hand over the Dunera?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-2\/#Footnotes\" >Footnotes<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_sinking_of_the_Arandora_Star_%E2%80%93_a_%E2%80%9Csuccess%E2%80%9D_in_the_war_at_sea\"><\/span><strong>The sinking of the Arandora Star &#8211; a &#8220;success&#8221; in the war at sea<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <em><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/arandora-starpart-1\/?lang=en\">Arand<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/arandora-starpart-1\/\">ora Star<\/a><\/em> was the second of four British <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/british-deportationspart-2\/\">deportation ships<\/a> bound for Canada. The sinking on July 2, 1940 was initially of little interest to the Nazi naval command (Seekriegsleitung, Skl), although it immediately became known from listening to enemy radio stations such as the BBC that many Germans were among the 800 victims. Nevertheless, the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9348'>Skl War Diary<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[1]  CF. War Diary of the Naval War Command (Skl) 1940, page 57.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> notes: &#8220;U 47 reports 10 steamers sunk with <em>&#8216;Arandora Star<\/em>&#8216;. This increases the boat&#8217;s tonnage success to 66,600 GRT.&#8221; Captain Lieutenant G\u00fcnther Prien, celebrated by the Nazis as a naval hero, could not have clearly reported the ship&#8217;s name. <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9354'>According to witnesses<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[2]  Jochen Brennecke, Interview with Hans-Werner Kraus, Brennecke estate in the Federal Archives, N 852\/32.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, the crew only became confirmed of this after returning to Kiel.<br><br>The fate of the internees seemed to the German Admiralty around the head of the U-boats, Karl D\u00f6nitz (later convicted as a war criminal and Hitler&#8217;s successor in Nuremberg), at best a <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9357'>reflection<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[3]  Skl war diary 1940, page 99.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> on &#8220;whether it would be expedient to exploit the incident for propaganda purposes&#8221;. For the Nazis, only the German sailors and prisoners of war were considered German anyway, but not the citizens of the war partner Italy and certainly not the more than 160 Jewish refugees and opponents of National Socialism on board the <em>Arandora Star<\/em>, who were known by name. They had previously been arbitrarily and improperly classified as &#8220;enemy aliens&#8221; (category &#8220;A&#8221;) or suspects (category &#8220;B&#8221;) by <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/british-deportationspart-2-2\/\">questionable tribunals<\/a>. This defamed them as <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9359'>potential traitors<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[4]  See, among others, Rainer Radok \"Survival\", Bangkok 1992, and other eyewitness accounts.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> and they were interned.<a name=\"_edn3\" href=\"#_ednref3\"><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"305\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/arandora_spithead_small__bluestarline_org.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3872 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/arandora_spithead_small__bluestarline_org.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/arandora_spithead_small__bluestarline_org-300x183.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Launched in 1927, the <em>Arandora Star<\/em> was a luxury-class cruise ship for just 354 passengers. The sinking by U-47 claimed 800 victims.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_attack_on_HMT_Dunera\"><\/span><strong>The attack on HMT Dunera<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <em><span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9364'>HMT Dunera<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[5]  HMT = Hired Military Transporter.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>, authorized to transport <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9367'>1,157 military personnel<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[6]  Vgl. Wikipedia \u00fcber die\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HMT_Dunera\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HMT Dunera<\/a>, abgerufen am 25.7.2023.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, set sail from Liverpool to Australia on July 10, 1940. On board were more than 2,000 Jews and political refugees as well as around 451 survivors of the <em>Arandora Star<\/em>. Among the 251 Germans and Austrians in the latter group were not only interned sailors (e.g. from the <em>Adolf Woermann<\/em> and the blockade runner <em>Uhenfels<\/em>) and businessmen, among them is certainly a number of Nazis, but also around 40 men, known as <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/arandora-star-part-2\/?lang=en\">Jews a<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/arandora-star-part-2\/\">n<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/arandora-star-part-2\/?lang=en\">d Naz<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/arandora-star-part-2\/\">i<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/arandora-star-part-2\/?lang=en\"> opponents<\/a>.<br><br>Like the <em>Arandora Star<\/em> and contrary to international agreements, the <em>Dunera<\/em> is not marked as a prisoner transport or with Red Cross signs, but carries visible machine guns. During this trip she is not protected by a convoy. The prescribed drills for maritime emergencies have never taken place. &#8220;All things sonidered no one would care two boots about us&#8221;, notes <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9370'>Rainer Radok<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[7]  Peter and Leni Gilllman \u201e\u2018Collar the Lot!\u2018 How Britain Interned And Expelled its Wartime Refugees\u201c, London 1980, page 213.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, one of the <em>Arandora Star&#8217;s<\/em> surviving Jews.<br><br>The <em>Dunera&#8217;s<\/em> journey from Liverpool did not initially head south, because &#8220;it was the peak of the U-boats&#8217; &#8216;Happy Time&#8217;, and the south-western approaches were &nbsp;virtually closed&#8221;. The captain tried to evade the German U-boats by heading north first. At 8 a.m. on July 12, she reached a point <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9373'>20 miles west of the island of Barra<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[8]  Ibid.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in the south of the Outer Hebrides.<br><br>There, <em>Dunera<\/em> finds herself directly in front of the periscope of U-56. The German naval warfare command (Skl) naturally knows that the northern exit from the Irish Sea is part of the North America route, which is mandatory for sea transports of all kinds.<br><br>On the morning of July 12, shortly after 10 a.m., the <em>Dunera&#8217;s<\/em> engines suddenly fall silent. The Jewish internee <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9375'>Klaus Wilczynski<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[9]  Klaus Wilczynski, \u201eDas Gefangenenschiff\u201c, Berlin 2001, page 71.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> reports:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;A violent bang, like metal hitting metal, startles me. The ship&#8217;s hull roared. Cups and plates fall clattering from the shelves on the starboard side. Something sinister and powerful has hit the ship&#8217;s side. (&#8230;) Then it bangs again. More muffled than the first time, more distant, somehow still threatening. It sounds as if the keel has hit a heavy object.&#8221;<br><br>Panic then breaks out, Wilczynski continues his report:<br><br>&#8220;Driven by fear, a tangle of people taken out of their senses pushes upwards, onto the upper deck, into the light. Seasickness is forgotten, just get out of here. Nothing works on the stairs.&#8221;<a name=\"_edn1\" href=\"#_ednref1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Now the guards fixed bayonets and pushed the prisoners away from the lifeboats and back towards their quarters. Obviously the soldiers have no orders for such a situation, writes a <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9378'>crew member<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[10]  Semaphore (pseudonym), \"I came to Australia with 3000 Germans\" in \"Sydney Sunday Telegraph\" 6 and 13 October 1940, excerpts from the diary of a seaman on the Dunera. Quoted from Paul R. Bartrop, Gabrielle Eisen \"The Dunera Affair\", Melbourne 1990, page 193 ff.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (&#8220;Semaphore&#8221;) of the <em>Dunera<\/em> in his diary.<br><br>There is no doubt that the lifeboats intended for 384 passengers plus crew would not have been sufficient for the 1,167 military personnel allowed on board, let alone for all of the almost 3,000 prisoners, guards and sailors on the voyage. They all escape with a scare, because the torpedoes do not explode and hardly damage the ship.<br><br> A <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9381'>new realization<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[11]  Wilczynski loc. cit., page 72.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> soon took hold among the internees. &#8220;It can&#8217;t have been that bad. No need to go crazy &#8230;&#8221; The <em>Dunera<\/em> picks up speed again, the cannon remains manned &#8211; against the frightened internees. A destroyer briefly accompanies the <em>Dunera<\/em>. It escorts a child transport, but turns off in the direction of Canada. &#8220;Both were soon out of sight,&#8221; confirms &#8220;<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9383'>Semaphore<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[12]  Semaphore loc.cit, page 196; Wilczynski loc.cit,, pages 73\/74.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#8220;.<a name=\"_edn2\" href=\"#_ednref2\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Firing_report_and_naval_war_command_in_contradiction\"><\/span><strong>Firing report and naval war command in contradiction<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In his <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9386'>firing report<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[13]  Firing report of\u00a0 U-56 from 12.7.1940, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.historisches-marinearchiv.de\/projekte\/ass\/ausgabe.php?where_value=472&amp;lang=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Historisches Marinearchiv<\/a>, retrieved June 25, 2023.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, the commander of the submarine, Otto Harms, explained the failure with a maneuver by the <em>Dunera<\/em>: after the torpedoes were fired, the target had &#8220;turned about 4 dec. to starboard, therefore 2 misses forward&#8221;. The U-56 then had to go deeper ata once, so that &#8220;periscope observation was no longer possible&#8221;. In the war diary of the U-56, <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9389'>Harms notes<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[14]  War diary of Kapit\u00e4n Harms U-56 Entry of July 12, 1940, 9.40 am. Bundesarchiv RM 198\/44.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> one miss and &#8220;after 8m 13sec and 8m 33sec 2 detonations. The sound of the detonations is somewhat brighter than torpedo detonations observed elsewhere, like airplane bombs. Both detonations are accompanied by an audible crackling sound.&#8221; Harms confirms that the <em>Dunera<\/em> is intact: &#8220;Steamer propeller well audible abeam on starboard, destroyer runs towards boat at high speed, but then apparently turns off again and disappears.&#8221; U-56 then dives onto &#8220;T-30&#8221;.<br><br>It is not until July 16, 1940 that the German naval command <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9392'>records<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[15]  War diary of Skl, pages 172, 184.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> the <em>Dunera<\/em> incident under &#8220;U-boat situation \u2026 U 56 reports several misses or failures on convoys off the North Channel. Boat intends to enter <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9394'>Lorient<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[16]  A Nazi naval base on the French west coast, south of Brest.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> on July 19.&#8221; Harms and his superiors are contradicting themselves here:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"705\" height=\"448\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/u56.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6958 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/u56.png 705w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/u56-300x191.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 705px) 100vw, 705px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U-56 on its way out.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Harms and his superiors are contradicting themselves here:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>That U-56 would have attacked &#8220;convoys&#8221; on July 12, 1940 does not correspond to the facts.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The fact that the <em>Dunera<\/em> turned away, causing a torpedo to miss, contradicts the witnesses on board, all of whom reported two torpedo contacts on the ship&#8217;s hull without an explosion.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Harms notes that the <em>Dunera&#8217;s<\/em> propeller was still clearly audible. He therefore knows that he did not hit it seriously.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"57_days_to_Australia_%E2%80%93_without_any_assistance_from_the_Nazi_navy\"><\/span><strong>57 days to Australia &#8211; without any assistance from the Nazi navy<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <em>Dunera<\/em> immediately continues its journey west of Ireland to the south. U-56, on the other hand, remains in the area near the northern tip of Ireland <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9400'>before returning<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[17]  War diary of Skl loc.cit, page 197.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> to its base in Lorient. In his own war diary, <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9402'>Harms noted<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[18]  War diary of U-56 loc.cit.. Entry from July 16, 1940, 4.00 pm.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> on July 16, 1940 at 4 p.m.: &#8220;Started march to Lorient&#8221;. For this reason alone, the claim that U-56 accompanied the <em>Dunera<\/em> on part of the journey south (or even to Australia) must be rejected. The arrival of U-56 at the Lorient base is postponed by two days from the planned date of July 19, 1940. Harms notes on <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9406'>July 21, 1940<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[19]  U-56\/Harms ibid, entry from July 21, 1940, 9.43 am.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> at 9:43 a.m. &#8220;Moored in port.&#8221; <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9409'>Skl confirms<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[20]  Skl war diary loc.cit., page 246.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>: &#8220;In Lorient: arriving after successful operation: U 52 (&#8230;), U 99 (&#8230;) and U 56.&#8221;<br><br>Another consideration speaks against an alleged escort by U-56: The <em>Dunera<\/em> reached its first stopover in the port of <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9411'>Freetown, Sierra Leone<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[21]  Cf. logbook of the Dunera, July 1940.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, on July 24. U-56 would therefore have had to end a theoretical escort before July 21 or earlier near Lorient. The sea route from there to Freetown is around 2,800 <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9413'>nautic miles<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[22]  Cf.\u00a0Bednblue,\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bednblue.de\/sailing-distance-calculator\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sailing distance calculator<\/a>, retrieved July 8, 2023.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> The <em>Dunera<\/em> would have needed at least 7 days at full speed to cover this distance at her maximum speed of 16.13 knots (about 30 km\/h). It is absolutely impossible that the overloaded prisoner ship could have covered this distance in the three days between July 21 and 24. This is substantiated by the fact that the <em>Dunera<\/em> sailed a zigzag course for fear of torpedoes, which considerably extended the travel time.<br><br>It is also known that the internees were driven below deck after the crew and officers on watch realized that the attack had failed and the situation on deck calms down. The portholes on the lower decks are closed with metal flaps. The internees housed there are therefore unable to observe what is happening at sea themselves and can only speculate about it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"No_legend_%E2%80%9Ctorpedo_crisis%E2%80%9C_and_%E2%80%9Cwooden_gun%E2%80%9C\"><\/span><strong>No legend: &#8220;torpedo crisis<\/strong>&#8220;<strong> and &#8220;wooden gun<\/strong>&#8220;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At this point, another historical circumstance should be pointed out that has hardly been taken into account in previous studies (as far as we know). The two misses on the <em>Dunera<\/em> must also be seen against a military-technical background.<br><br>Harms had <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9417'>G7e torpedoes<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[23]  Cf. firing report loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (serial numbers 3421 and 3185) fired at the <em>Dunera<\/em>. Shortly afterwards, <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9419'>something similar happened<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[24]  War diary U-56 loc.cit. entry from July 14, 1940, 00.04 am.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> to him: shortly after midnight on July 14, 1940, he had a G7a torpedo fired at a &#8220;large passenger steamer&#8221;. &#8220;After 12m 01sec very strong detonation. Harking noises from steamer disappear.&#8221; After surfacing, however, Harms notes at 0.42 h &#8220;no observation made&#8221;. With clear despair he writes: &#8220;The running time of the torpedo was much too long. On the other hand, it seems unlikely that all torpedoes on U 56 of all ships would go off at the end of the run, although this error is supposed to have been corrected.&#8221;<br><br>In fact, the error mentioned by Harms has not been rectified. Already during the first enemy voyages in September 1939, a large number of G7a and G7e torpedoes detonated in front of the target or at the end of their range, or hit the target&#8217;s hull without detonating. This became known as the &#8220;<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9422'>torpedo crisis<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[25]  Wikipedia about the <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Torpedokrise\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">torpedo crisis<\/a> (German), retrieved July 10, 2023.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#8220;: in 1939, 31 out of 181 torpedoes and in 1940, 155 out of 898 torpedoes fired did not work, according to the magazine &#8220;Milit\u00e4rgeschichte&#8221;. The <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9425'>failure rate<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[26]  Heinrich Sch\u00fctz \u201eDie Torpedo-Krise im Zweiten Weltkrieg\u201c. In \u201eMilit\u00e4rgeschichte\u201c No. 1\/2009, page 12f. Editors: Milit\u00e4rgeschichtliches Bundesamt (Federal Military History Office) of the Bundeswehr.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> was therefore 17.0 percent in both years. In 1941, a <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9428'>Court Martial<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[27]  Sch\u00fctz loc.cit, page 14.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> found considerable deficiencies in the testing, test evaluations and troubleshooting of the two torpedo types.<br><br>In October 1939, the then commander of the U-56, Lieutenant-Commander <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9430'>Wilhelm Zahn<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[28]  Sch\u00fctz loc.cit., page 14<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, had already missed a unique opportunity to sink the British battleship <em>HMS Nelson<\/em>. He had three torpedoes fired. &#8220;But there was no detonation. All you could hear on board the submarine was the metallic impact of the torpedoes on the steel hull.&#8221; His successor Harms also reported &#8220;several misses, no sinking success&#8221; from the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9432'>voyage of U-56<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[29]  Skl war diary loc.cit, page 313.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> following the <em>Dunera<\/em> miss.<a name=\"_edn1\" href=\"#_ednref1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"257\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Torpedos_axb01.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6945 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Torpedos_axb01.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Torpedos_axb01-300x154.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A torpedo of the G7e type used against the Dunera is shown in the centre.\nPhoto: Alexander Buschorn, War and Resistance Fighters Museum of the Netherlands (Overloon).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"697\" height=\"410\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/zmg_nr1_2009_16.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6942 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/zmg_nr1_2009_16.png 697w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/zmg_nr1_2009_16-300x176.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 697px) 100vw, 697px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1939 and 1940, the submarines of the Nazi navy had a firing error rate of 17 per cent. Source: &#8220;Military History&#8221; No. 1\/2009.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even the Nazi icon Prien considers himself affected by a similar incident. He had told naval chief D\u00f6nitz that he should not be expected to &#8220;fight with a <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9434'>wooden rifle<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[30]  Michael Thomae: \u201eThe submarine weapon during 'Unternehmen Weser\u00fcbung\u2018 1940\u201c , Milit\u00e4rgeschichte loc.cit. 1\/2009, page 14.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#8221; again. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Of_facts_and_circulated_untruths\"><\/span><strong>Of facts and circulated untruths<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is understandable that the internees on the <em>Dunera<\/em> were facilitated after the initial shock. It is equally understandable that the internees came up with ideas as to how this good fortune could have happened. Some speak of divine intervention. Politically persecuted people speculated about sabotage by resistance fighters in the torpedo factories, but this is clearly presented in the sources as a hope rather than a fact.<br><br>Errors of any provenance are favored because memories are often deceptive when details are reflected with a long time lag. For example, some <em>Dunera<\/em> boys date the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9446'>torpedo attack<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[31]  Richard Sonnenfeldt \"Wirtness to Nuremberg\", Arcade Publishing, New York 2011, page 144.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> to the second day of the voyage, others to the third, or are mistaken about the location. &#8220;On the third evening out, in the storm-tossed Bay of Biscay, we heard a loud clang&#8230; &#8221; This seems to be one of the tricks that memory often plays, simply because of the distances to be covered from Liverpool and the demonstrably wrong time of day. It can also happen because one can&#8217;t see anything yourself because you&#8217;re not allowed on deck and the portholes are covered. You can deal with such errors with understanding. However, it becomes critical as soon as it comes to deliberate untruths that are elevated to facts through colportage.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"318\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/torpedo_beladung.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6970 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/torpedo_beladung.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/torpedo_beladung-300x191.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Loading a torpedo onto a submarine in Wilhelmshaven, probably in December 1939 Source: Federal Archives No. 101II-MW-5536-01<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is not only the US historian <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9449'>Daniel R. Schwartz<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[32]  Daniel R. Schwartz \u201eA submarine, some suitcases, and Salvation: On increasingly inaccessible testimony and the perfection of the Dunera miracle story\u201c in Australian Jewish Historical Society Journal 24, 4(2020), pages 722-773.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> who notes that the novel &#8220;<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9452'>SOS: Rettet unsere Seelen<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[33]  \u201eSOS: Rettet unsere Seelen\u201c (SOS: Save Our Souls) by S. Ch. Clerque, Erich Arndt Editors, Hagen\/Westfalia 1953.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#8221; by S. Ch. Clerque is a major source of the legend of the German submarine that accompanied the <em>Dunera<\/em> to protect the captured compatriots on board from the torpedoes of other German submarines.<br><br>Clerque denies any resemblance between his characters and real people. However &#8211; and this is crucial here &#8211; he <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9455'>claims<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[34]  Clerque loc.cit., page 6.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> to have &#8220;retold his story based on the notes of a German interned in England during the last world war&#8221;. In this way, authenticity is foisted on the 319 pages &#8211; without claiming that the informant was an eyewitness to the events surrounding the <em>Dunera<\/em>. In contrast to the self-statement, however, the book proves to be a hoax of the worst kind.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Submerged_and_fished_up\"><\/span><strong>Submerged and fished up<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Clerque prefaces his version of the torpedo attack with another (actually literary) unnecessary historical hoax. In <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9457'>chapter 33<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[35]  Clerque loc.cit., page 281.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>  he writes: &#8220;Without incident, the <em>Dunera<\/em> reaches the height of Nigeria &#8230;&#8221;. This is where the author places the torpedo attack.<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>The fact is<\/strong> that the attack on the <em>Dunera<\/em> takes place on the second day of the voyage and near the western exit of the North Channel, i.e. in the sea area around the northern tip of Northern Ireland. Why is the time and place of the attack shifted to Africa? Does Clerque want to imply German naval supremacy off the west coast of Africa? Does he want to increase the fame of the Nazi navy subsequently?<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_torpedo_legend_is_born\"><\/span><strong>The torpedo legend is born<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9459'>chapter 35<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[36]  Clerque loc.cit., pages 297f.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, after surfacing, Clerque has the submarine captain shocked to discover that the <em>Dunera,<\/em> which was thought to be sunk, is sailing! And he sees strange objects floating around, which are identified as suitcases. &#8220;Objects are still flying off the ship, almost all of the same size.&#8221; Now Clerque has one of the officers agitate his commander: &#8220;We can&#8217;t just stand by and watch, if it&#8217;s true that the barge is an internment ship&#8221;. A rubber dinghy is launched in the evening, suitcases are recovered, broken open and surprisingly dry letters in German are found.<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>The fact is<\/strong> that shortly after the attack, a <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9461'>British destroyer<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[37]  Cf. Wilczynski loc.cit, page 73\/74, and Semaphore quoted by Bartrop\/Eisen loc.cit, pages 195\/196.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> unexpectedly appeared on the scene as an escort for a children&#8217;s transport and accompanied the <em>Dunera<\/em> for a short time on a short stretch of their journey together. So U-56 seeks the distance for good reason and <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9464'>dives off<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[38]  War diary of U-56, loc.cit, entry from July 12, 1940, 9.40 am.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The book&#8217;s captain goes on to speculate: &#8220;There was a panic on board (the <em>Dunera<\/em>, pd) &#8211; perhaps a scuffle between the crew and the internees, who wanted to save themselves. The crew wanted to take revenge on the justifiably outraged Germans, kept them locked up and now threw their luggage overboard in a blind rage. Perhaps they did even worse, <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9467'>who knows<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[39]  Clerque loc.cit., page 301.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> &#8230;&#8221; What else would we expect from the &#8220;<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9469'>Indians with flickering eyes<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[40]  Clerque loc.cit., page 297. As far as is known, Indians were part of the crew of the HMT Dunera, but not of the guards.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in their dark faces&#8221;, from which Clerque invents the composition of the guards in a racist manner?<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>The fact is<\/strong> that the 309 guards and their seven officers belonged to the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9472'>Auxiliary Military Pioneer Corps<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[41]  Wikipedia about <em>HMT Dunera<\/em>, loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> of the British Army.<br \/><strong>The fact is<\/strong> that no luggage was thrown overboard in connection with the torpedo attack. There are no witness reports for this. Nor could this have been observed from U-56, as the boat was moving away from the scene under water.<br \/><strong>It is also a fact<\/strong> that Clerque contradicts his own claim that the <em>Dunera<\/em> continued its journey.<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Interestingly, the literary hero captain doesn&#8217;t think about his misses for a second. Instead, he declares: &#8220;We will provide escort against further torpedoes &#8230;&#8221; There must not be another attack by Germans against Germans. He transmits a <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9476'>radio message<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[42]  Clerque loc.cit., page 302.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> to other U-boats and prevents another U-boat from attacking.<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>The fact is<\/strong> that Harms on U-56 could not have easily known what had happened to the <em>Arandora Star<\/em> a week earlier. Harms was only able to pass on knowledge about the <em>Dunera<\/em> to a limited extent. The submarines avoided any radio communication with each other, as this meant that their positions could be targeted. In addition, submerged ships could neither transmit nor receive. And why weren&#8217;t surface ships of the Nazi navy also warned of attacks on the <em>Dunera<\/em>?<br \/><strong>The fact is<\/strong> that U-56 remained in the sea area north of Ireland and near the North Channel for days, as confirmed by the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9483'>U-56&#8217;s logbook<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[43]  War diary of U-56, ewntry from July 12, 1940, 9.40 am.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> and the diary of the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9486'>German naval command<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[44]  War diary of the German naval command, loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. The <em>Dunera<\/em>, on the other hand, was not significantly damaged and continued her voyage.<br \/><strong>The fact is<\/strong> that the attack took place on the morning of July 2. The fact that U-56 returned to the scene of the attack at night after escaping, surfaced there and found the <em>Dunera<\/em> there again is pure fantasy on the part of the novelist. As a result, the &#8220;real&#8221; submarine crew was unable to observe either people jumping off or suitcases floating on the sea.<br \/><strong>It is sheer nonsense<\/strong> that suitcases &#8211; as Clerque claims &#8211; could have remained on the surface of the water for hours after the attack, against all currents and common sense. That objects inside &#8211; especially papers &#8211; should have remained dry also contradicts all experience.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"An_absent_%E2%80%9Chero_of_the_seas%E2%80%9D\"><\/span><strong>An absent &#8220;hero of the seas&#8221;<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;Only under the protection of the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9488'>German ship U 81<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[45]  The boat number U 81 chosen by Clerque is, like everything else, pure fantasy. The \"real\" U 81 was only put into service on 26 April 1941. See <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/German_submarine_U-81_(1941)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikipedia<\/a>, retrieved on 2.9.2023.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> does the Englishman reach the open waters without danger&#8221;, Clerque concludes his ode to the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9491'>chivalry of German sailors<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[46]  Clerque loc.cit., pages 301\/302.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. By the way: On September 17, 1942, the head of the U-boat fleet Karl D\u00f6nitz (1889 &#8211; 1980), later Hitler&#8217;s successor and convicted as a war criminal, forbade the U-boat crews to <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9493'>rescue members of sunken ships<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[47]  Cf. Wikipedia about <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">D\u00f6nitz<\/a>, and his \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laconia_Order\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Laconia-Befehl<\/a>\u201c, retrieved Sep 10, 2023.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> or to give them food or water. &#8220;Rescue contradicts the most primitive demands of warfare.&#8221;<br><br>In this context, a contradictory assessment by Jochen Brennecke (1913 &#8211; 1997) stands out. In his &#8220;Chronicle of the Submarine War&#8221;, the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9496'>chronicler of the Nazi navy<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[48]  Jochen Brennecke, \u201eJ\u00e4ger, Gejagte. Deutsche U-Boote 1939-1945\u201c (Hunters, Hunted, German Submarines 1939-1945) , Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft, Herford 1956. 8. edition, Hamburg 2000, page 80.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> since the Nazi era writes about the situation in 1940: &#8220;The war at sea has become total&#8221; He calls &#8220;open waters&#8221; completely into question. It is interesting to note that he prefers <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9499'>Goebbels&#8217;<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[49]  Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels only gave his speech on \"Total War\" on Feb 18, 1943.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> &#8220;total war&#8221; in ideological obedience from 1943 to 1940.<br><br>Following the depiction of the episode, Clerque changes the scene. &#8220;If our suitcases serve to ensure the safety of us all, we will gladly do without them&#8221; an internee is now allowed to thank the flickering-eyed Indian guards to the applause of his comrades. What <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9503'>chivalrous do-gooders<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[50]  Clerque loc.cit., page 305.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, these Germans!<br><br>While Clerque builds up the <em>Dunera<\/em> attackers as upright soldiers and honorable heroes, he takes a completely different approach in the case of the <em>Arandora Sta<\/em>r. He limits himself to the remark: &#8220;It really hit &#8211; <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9506'>a torpedo hit<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[51]  Clerque loc.cit., page 129.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.&#8221; The fact that Lieutenant Captain G\u00fcnther Prien, who was inflated by the Nazis into a naval hero, was responsible for shooting down the <em>Arandora Star<\/em> is concealed from the reader of this &#8220;authentic&#8221; book about the &#8220;<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9508'>tragedy<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[52]  Clerque loc.cit., page 6.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#8221; of this ship. Clerque spares the conflict and does not even invent a &#8220;literary&#8221; submarine. Under no circumstances should the &#8220;SOS&#8221; book in 1953 tarnish the National Socialist glory of Lieutenant-Commander Prien and his U-47!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nazi_lies_manufactured_1953\"><\/span><strong>Nazi lies, manufactured 1953<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But if it were only about (non-)events, the book could perhaps be dismissed as &#8220;bad&#8221;. But it&#8217;s not just about this part of the novel. Clerque bends <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9510'>basic historical facts<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[53]  Clerque loc.cit., page 7.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in an intolerable way. On the very first page, he writes: &#8220;England issues an ultimatum &#8230; and then declares war on Germany&#8221;. This implies that the British started the Second World War.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>The fact is<\/strong> that Hitler&#8217;s Reich started the world war on September 1, 1939 with the &#8220;Gleiwitz&#8221; <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9512'>propaganda lie<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[54]  Hitler used an alleged Polish attack on the Gleiwitz transmitter as the reason for the start of the Second World War, but it was carried out by SS in Polish uniforms in order to provoke a reason for war.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> and the invasion of Poland. The British ultimatum was the reaction to this. Hitler used an alleged Polish attack on the Gleiwitz transmitter as the reason for the start of the Second World War, but it was carried out by SS in Polish uniforms in order to provoke a reason for war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By deliberately omitting this misrepresentation of historical circumstances, Clerque justifies the war and follows the ideology of Nazi propaganda.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/clerque2_medien.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6952 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/clerque2_medien.png 700w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/clerque2_medien-300x214.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are only two known publications by an author named Clerque. Sybille and Ch. S. Clerque are probably pseudonyms. Sources: Repro.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another example is the false figures with which Clerque tries to inflate the importance of &#8220;his&#8221; German group. He claims that the 3,000 prisoners on board the <em>Dunera<\/em> included &#8220;<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9515'>a thousand German emigrants<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[55]  Clerque loc.cit., page 267.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#8220;. Clerque is implying that the other 2,000 men were survivors of the <em>Arandora Star<\/em> and decent people &#8211; at least not people who had previously abandoned their German homeland as emigrants.<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>https:\/\/dunera.de\/arandora-star-part-2\/?lang=enThe fact is<\/strong> that there were around 2,500 internees on board the <em>Dunera<\/em>, more than 2,000 of whom were persecuted by the Nazis as Jews or opponents of Hitler and had to leave Germany or Austria. There were also 451 survivors of the <em>Arandora Star<\/em> on board, including <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9517'>200 Italians and 251 Germans<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[56]  Cf. \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/recordsearch.naa.gov.au\/SearchNRetrieve\/Interface\/ViewImage.aspx?B=657104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nominal Roll<\/a>\u201c of <em>HMT Dunera<\/em>, National Archives of Australia (NAA), ID 657104, retrieved Aug 30, 2023. Many numbers of the 251 German survivors from the Arandora Star are labelled with an additional \"R\" for \"Ringleader\".<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<br \/><strong>The fact is:<\/strong> There is evidence of at least 38 <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/arandora-star-part-2\/\">Jews and Nazi opponent<\/a>s\u00a0in the group of 251 Germans. Most of the other 213 were sailors from the German merchant navy, passengers on their ships and businessmen who were interned in Great Britain or its African colonies.https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/arandora-star-part-2\/?lang=en<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Foreign_words_in_the_vocabulary_and_a_commanding_internee\"><\/span><strong>Foreign words in the vocabulary and a commanding internee<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Clerque&#8217;s grossly inaccurate numbers game serves to exalt his main characters, &#8220;harmless&#8221; German merchants who were unjustly imprisoned by the British, to the mass of <em>Dunera<\/em> internees in order to emphasize their special significance. Clerque does not say a word about the majority of Nazi victims on the ship. Terms such as &#8220;Jew&#8221;, &#8220;Nazi opponent&#8221;, &#8220;Italian&#8221;, &#8220;world war&#8221; etc. do not appear at all in the entire book, completely ignoring the facts.<br><br>Another remark with which Clerque sets up his central character as a role model shows similar fantasy to emphasize the importance of the character and his clientele: This is Alexander Merten, honorable German merchant captured away by the British. &#8220;The next morning, the 3,000 internees of the <em>Dunera<\/em> elect Alexander Merten as their <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9520'>Kommandant<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[57]  Clerque loc.cit., page 269.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#8221; (commander).<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>The fact is<\/strong> that representatives for the individual decks (&#8220;deck leaders&#8221;) were elected on the <em>Dunera<\/em>. There was no representative for all internee groups or even a &#8220;commander&#8221;. Why should Jews and Nazis have elected joint representatives? As soon as the deckleaders became active towards the guard officers and complained about shortcomings and thefts, for example, they were threatened.<br \/><strong>The fact is<\/strong> that the Nazis in Australia among the &#8220;camp leaders&#8221; (not: &#8220;commanders&#8221;) by no means represented the interests of all internees. Australian intelligence describes one <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9522'>Dr. Haslinger,<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[58]  Cf. Haslinger files, NAA_ItemNumber428433, page 11.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, &#8220;camp leader&#8221; at Tatura 1, as a Nazi who carried out his duties &#8220;more as the delegate of the Office Holders of the NSDAP than as an independent camp representative&#8221; of all inmates. Among other things, Haslinger issued directives to the party followers to &#8220;maintain discipline and protect the German National Socialist spirit inside and outside the camp&#8221;. The report states, that \u201ethe Party controls the camp leadership completely\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The military term &#8220;Kommandant&#8221; used by Clerque also shows that the author is probably not too close to the democratic principles which the community of internees had given itself. He can probably only imagine military command structures. This contradicts his own assertion that all &#8220;3000&#8221; internees were civilians. Incidentally, the novel&#8217;s civilian Merten &#8220;commands&#8221; the internees from the British internment camp via the <em>Arandora Star<\/em> and the <em>Dunera<\/em> to the camp in Tatura, Australia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Blackout_in_the_Outback\"><\/span><strong>Blackout in the Outback<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the end of <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9526'>Chapter 36<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[59]  Clerque loc.cit., page 307.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, the Clerkean lie continues with the claim that all internees were disembarked in Melbourne.<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>The fact is<\/strong> that the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9529'>450 survivors<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[60]  The Nazi diplomat Kittel was disembarked in Cape Town and brought to a VIP internment location on Isle of Man.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> of the <em>Arandora Star<\/em> and (to fill the camp\u2019s capacity) another 100 or so interned Jews and Nazi opponents disembarked in Melbourne and were taken to the Tatura camp. The representatives of the second group &#8211; and several from the first &#8211; fiercely objected to being at the mercy of the Nazis in a common &#8220;compound&#8221;.<br \/><strong>The fact is<\/strong> that the other 2,000 or so internees only disembarked in Sydney days later and were immediately sent to the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9532'>Hay camp<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[61]  Cf. \u201eNominal Roll\u201c of HMT Dunera, cit.loc.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Clerque&#8217;s quoted assertion confirms that he is only interested in &#8220;decent&#8221; Germans. He wants nothing in common with Jews and Nazi opponents. Behind this, too, is nothing other than brown ideology. The <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9535'>final chapter<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[62]  Clerque loc.cit., page 312.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, set in the Australian camp of Tatura, shows just how much of a brainchild Clerque allows his &#8220;commanding&#8221; civilian internee to be. An internee seeks out the hero of the book because &#8220;he has heard that Merten is looking for a boy to keep his bungalow in order&#8221;. Mr &#8220;Commandant&#8221; lives in his own &#8220;bungalow&#8221; and keeps an <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9538'>officer&#8217;s boy<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[63]  Clerque loc.cit., page 315.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>!?<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>The fact is<\/strong> that under international law, prisoner of war officers are entitled to considerable privileges compared to &#8220;common&#8221; soldiers or even internees. Depending on rank, this also includes servants.<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Consequently, such noble internee behaviour is not known from the internment camps. But perhaps the head Nazis had their errand boys.<br><br>Is this &#8220;cleaning stain&#8221; story an &#8220;operational accident&#8221; on Clerque&#8217;s part, inadvertently suggesting that his heroic troops were not civilian internees after all, but prisoners of war?<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>The fact is<\/strong> that the 250 <em>Arandora Star<\/em> survivors were initially classified 1940 as &#8220;internees&#8221; by the British. With the official <a href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/british-deportationspart-3\">end of internment<\/a>, their status was <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9543'>changed to prisoners of war<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[64]  Cf. digitized personal files, accessable via NAA.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> on June 22, 1942<strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After all, Clerque doesn&#8217;t want to do without showing off to show that &#8220;his&#8221; Germans are the best: The Australian guard officers are too stupid and don&#8217;t dare to pass on tragic messages from home. Because they don&#8217;t want to do the job themselves, they get &#8220;the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9545'>German commander<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[65]  Clerque loc.cit., page 317.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> for help&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>The fact is<\/strong> that the internees in the Australian camps were able to establish extensive self-administration. These tasks also included distribution of incoming letters and postcards.<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Quite apart from that, the book ends with a blackout in the outback. Will Merten, his &#8220;boy&#8221; and the other &#8220;3000&#8221; comrades remain in the Australian camp for all eternity? The end of the war and the poor Germans&#8217; return home are not foreseen in the book. Finally, there is a statement by the hero Merten that Clerque attributes to him shortly after the torpedo attack: He thought nothing of &#8220;artificially fomented enmity &#8211; because, after all, they had all personally <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9547'>never wanted<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[66]  Clerque loc.cit., page 291.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> this war!&#8221; Here, Clerque is spreading the post-war excuse of the silent majority of Germans: No one wanted the war or shouted &#8220;Hurray&#8221;, &#8220;Heil Hitler&#8221; or anything similar with an outstretched right arm. Nobody had anything common with the Nazis or knew anything about their crimes . And if they did, it was of course under duress and not at all enthusiastically. So no German can be charged with guilt or responsibility for the crimes of the Nazi era. And the war was fought in an extremely decent and honorable manner. After all, the wehrmacht and navy had nothing to do with Hitler, as well!.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Genre_change_penny_dreadfuls_their_ideology_and_authors\"><\/span><strong>Genre change: penny dreadfuls, their ideology and authors<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The attempt to uncover the identity of the writer S. Ch. Clerque leads to research into West German World War II literature of the 1950s. First of all, remarks about the penny dreadful series seem to make sense. As the name suggests, these were inexpensive reading material published weekly or fortnightly from the 1950s onwards and sold in newspaper and tobacco shops. This was followed by an occasionally lively second hand business. The cheap romance novels spread a highly conservative image of women&#8217;s roles. The military trilogy literature consistently assumes a &#8220;clean&#8221; role for the Wehrmacht and navy, justifying and whitewashing the world war. Heroic images are combined with adventurously formulated stories of alleged experiences in order to feign authenticity. The term &#8220;Landserheft&#8221; became synonymous with all <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9549'>trivial literature glorifying war<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[67]  Cf. Wikipedia on <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Der_Landser\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ideology-critical aspects<\/a> of \"Der Landser\" (German), retrieved June 25, 2023<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. Historian Ernst Antoni also describes the &#8220;Landser&#8221; as a &#8220;<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9552'>gateway drug<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[68]  Cf. Ernst Antoni in Dirk Wilking \"Der Landser\" - Wie ein Mann ein Mann wird (How a Man Becomes a Man) , page. 61. Quoted from Wikipedia on \"Der Landser\" loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> to the neo-Nazi scene&#8221;.<br><br>This also applies to the &#8220;Landser&#8221; spin-off &#8220;SOS &#8211; Schicksale deutscher Schiffe&#8221;, published by Pabel-Verlag (later Pabel-Moewig Verlag) with 200 episodes and several special editions from 1975 to 1981. Its main authors and editors, Fritz-Otto Busch and Otto Mielke, made their mark during the Third Reich by glorifying National Socialist naval warfare. One of the prolific writers (42 titles under the pseudonym Jens Janssen) is <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9555'>Jochen Brennecke<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[69]  Wikipedia on <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jochen_Brennecke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jochen Brennecke<\/a> (German), retrieved June 25, 2023.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (1913 &#8211; 1997), who has already been mentioned briefly. He worked as a war correspondent for the navy between 1940 and 1943 and wrote a book about the Graf Spee, which sank itself in 1939, in 1942. His post-war work &#8220;J\u00e4ger &#8211; Gejagte &#8211; Deutsche U-Boote 1939-1945&#8221; casts no shadow on the Nazi submariners. He completely ignores the <em>Arandora Star<\/em> and <em>Dunera<\/em> incidents. For his summary of the U-boat weapon&#8217;s performance, he refers to Karl D\u00f6nitz, of all people, who was sentenced to ten years in prison as a war criminal in Nuremberg. The naval chief and F\u00fchrer&#8217;s successor throws himself into the fray: &#8220;German naval warfare stands <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9558'>flawlessly before history<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[70]  Brennecke loc.cit., page 454. Brennecke quotes without the required reference to 6 October 1946, as he generally refrains from citing any sources.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.&#8221;<br><br>&#8220;SOS: Rettet unsere Seelen&#8221; is in line with the ideological trend of trivial war literature and the lack of reappraisal of National Socialism in the Federal Republic of Germany. Historical foundations are falsified. Clich\u00e9s and ideological concepts from the war-glorifying military penny dreadfuls migrate from the penny dreadful to the hardcover, as does racism. Clerque&#8217;s book is part of a restorative trend that writes away the Nazis and whitewashes the role of the military and the war, thus ideologically promoting the Cold War against the East in the 1950s and 1960s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_author_%E2%80%93_deliberately_obscured\"><\/span><strong>The author &#8211; deliberately obscured?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Clerque book, published in 1953, is &#8211; as far as can be researched today &#8211; the only book published by <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9563'>Erich Arndt Verlag Hagen<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[71]  Founded as Nordwestdeutsche Presse- u. Buchvertrieb GmbH, later Erich Arndt Verlag, Hagen; then moved to Karlsruhe. Most recently: Angelika Arndt Verlag, Feucht.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. No subsequent editions are known. This publisher only published penny dreadful series such as &#8220;Der blaue Roman&#8221;, &#8220;Kronen-Roman&#8221;, &#8220;Inspektor K greift ein&#8221; or &#8220;Lilien-Roman: Der Roman f\u00fcr frohe Stunden&#8221;. &#8220;Sybille Clerque&#8221; can only be traced as an author once more: Volume 6 of the series &#8220;<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9566'>Sabrina &#8211; der moderne Roman<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[72]  Cf. among others <a href=\"https:\/\/heftromanarchiv-s.jimdofree.com\/romanhefte\/sabrina-der-moderne-roman\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Romanheftarchiv<\/a> (Germnan), retrieved June 25, 2023.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#8221; , published in 1959, is signed with the name. This series was published from 1959 to 1961 by Moewig-Verlag, edited by Erich Arndt, the publisher of the &#8220;SOS&#8221; book.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Prien_A_%E2%80%9Chero%E2%80%9D_in_the_post-war_war_movie\"><\/span><strong>Prien: A &#8220;hero&#8221; in the post-war war movie<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The penny dreadful series &#8220;Soldatengeschichten und Fliegergeschichten&#8221; was also published fortnightly by Moewig from 1957 to 1964. Wikipedia notes: &#8220;Like &#8216;Der Landser&#8217;, the &#8216;Soldatengeschichten&#8217; were indirectly a continuation of older German magazine novel series such as &#8216;Unter deutscher Flagge&#8217; or the &#8216;<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9569'>Kriegsb\u00fccherei der deutschen Jugend<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[73]  Cf. <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soldatengeschichten_aus_aller_Welt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikipedia<\/a> on \"Soldiers' stories from around the world\" and subsequent titles, retrieved on Oct 15, 2023.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#8216;&#8221; (Under German flag or War library for German youth). The term &#8220;older&#8221; is used here in a shamefaced attempt to conceal the fact that this is Nazi propaganda literature.<br><br>In issue no. 171 &#8220;U47&#8221;, an Udo Wolter spreads the word about G\u00fcnther Prien. The name Udo Wolter is also mentioned in the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9572'>opening credits<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[74]  Cf. Wikipedia on the movie \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U_47_%E2%80%93_Kapit%C3%A4nleutnant_Prien\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U 47 Kapit\u00e4nleutnant Prien<\/a>\u201c (German), retrieved Oct 25, 2023.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> of the film &#8220;U 47 Kapit\u00e4nleutnant Prien&#8221; as the supplier of the material for the screenplay. The music was composed by Norbert Schulze, who had made a name for himself during the Nazi era with &#8220;Lili Marleen&#8221;, military music and the score for the endurance film &#8220;Kolberg&#8221;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"730\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/prien_medien.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6935 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/prien_medien.png 730w, https:\/\/dunera.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/prien_medien-300x205.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 730px) 100vw, 730px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Long after the end of the war, G\u00fcnter Prien was still being built up as a naval hero in West Germany.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Like Clerque&#8217;s &#8220;SOS &#8230;&#8221;, this film also insinuates in the very first sentence and in Goebbels mode that Great Britain started the world war on September 3, 1939. In the film, Prien says that a soldier should stay out of politics. A dialog excerpt from an original Goebbels speech on the radio is telling: &#8220;That&#8217;s Goebbels speaking.&#8221; &#8211; &#8220;Oh, I like listening to him.&#8221; Wolter &amp; Co even build Prien up as an opponent of the Nazis finally; the Gestapo had him in mind, because he would have helped (albeit late) an opposition pastor. To make matters worse, the film concludes with the historical lie that Prien was rescued by British sailors after the sinking of the U 47. However, he was killed by a German submarine attack on his rescuers.<br><br>The <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9575'>Catholic film critics<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[75]  Cf. \u201eLexikon des internationalen Films\u201c, Volume and 8, page 3917.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> at the time: &#8220;Fashionable and insincere cinematic mixture of Teutonic naval heroism, put-on resistance attitude and sentimental anti-war allure.&#8221; Incidentally, the production company Arca film also produced a compilation of Nazi newsreels entitled &#8220;So war der deutsche Landser&#8221;: the &#8220;<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9578'>Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle der deutschen Filmwirtschaft<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[76]  The FSK (Voluntary self-regulation of the German film industry) was founded in 1949 to establish an industry body \"for the protection of minors\" instead of a film censorship by government that was banned in the Federal Republic of Germany.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#8221; (FSK) had it cut because of &#8220;militaristic, nationalistic and National Socialist tendencies&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pseudonym_for_concealment\"><\/span><strong>Pseudonym for concealment<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Penny dreadfuls were often given author pseudonyms. For example, love stories were given French or Italian-sounding names to enhance their value, and occasionally writers were passed off as &#8220;female authors&#8221;. For some authors, the penny dreadful fee may have been more important than becoming famous through this trivial literature and thus damaging the fame they had acquired elsewhere as &#8220;serious authors&#8221;.<br><br>The US historian Daniel R. Schwartz speculatively extends the author&#8217;s name as <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9582'>Sybille Charlotte Clerque<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[77]  Daniel R. Schwartz loc.cit., page 722-773.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>. In fact, there are no further sources for any variant of this name. Even in the catalog of the <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9585'>German National Library<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[78]  Cf. <a href=\"https:\/\/portal.dnb.de\/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&amp;query=Clerque\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">catalogue of DNB<\/a>, retrieved June 30, 2023.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> (DNB), where deposit copies of every printed publication and of visual and audio works have had to be <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9587'>mandatory<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[79]  DNB on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dnb.de\/DE\/Professionell\/Sammeln\/sammeln_node.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mandatory copies<\/a>, retrieved Sep 10, 2023.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> delivered since 1913, only the two titles mentioned are listed.<br><br>This gives the impression that the author&#8217;s name Sybille Charlotte Clerque could come from a pool of pseudonyms used by the Arndt publishing house. However, it is clear that the authorship of &#8220;SOS: Rettet unsere Seelen&#8221; can very probably be located in the author scene of &#8220;Landser&#8221;, &#8220;SOS&#8221; etc., among whom there was <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9591'>no woman<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[80]  Wikipedia avout \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SOS_%E2%80%93_Schicksale_deutscher_Schiffe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SOS \u2013 Schicksale deutscher Schiffe<\/a>\u201c loc.cit.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> Schwartz also established this after examining <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9594'>Arndt documents<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[81]  Schwartz loc.cit. page 752, refers to a letter from Arndt to the leading Social Democrat politician Erich Ollenhauer.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_non-fiction_book_on_the_submarine_war_without_any_source\"><\/span><strong>A non-fiction book on the submarine war without any source<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This proximity is obvious. For example, Brennecke manages 500 pages of his aforementioned nonfictional book on the Nazi submarine weapon without citing a single source for his many quotations and data. Nevertheless, the text on the back cover claims that the book is of &#8220;significant documentary value due to its original reports&#8221;. This corresponds to the diction of the penny dreadfuls.<br><br>Brennecke also cultivates a pseudo-literary novel-like writing style to describe the &#8220;<span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9597'>tragically heroic deployment<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[82]  Brennecke loc.cit, page 5.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> of the submarine crews&#8221;, which amounts to a &#8220;harrowing sacrifice without precedent&#8221;. Brennecke, as &#8220;Jens Janssen&#8221;, demonstrated in his penny dreadfuls how to disguise the lack of authenticity with brisk writing. <br><br>Clerque&#8217;s &#8220;SOS. Save our souls&#8221; and Brennecke&#8217;s &#8220;J\u00e4ger, Gejagte. Deutsche U-Boote 1939-1945&#8221; and the Kriegs-Groschenhefte show a high degree of similarity. This applies to the writing style, which is oriented towards adventure literature, and the systematic pretence of historical authenticity to the point of gross historical falsification, the separation of the topics described from the context of the world war started by the Nazis, a subliminal racism and the trivialization of the war, the whitewashing of German soldiering, etc. Nevertheless, the identity of Clerque and Brennecke (or other like-minded people) cannot be proven.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Faulty_sources_and_%E2%80%9CChinese_whispers%E2%80%9D\"><\/span><strong>Faulty sources and &#8220;Chinese whispers&#8221;<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After reading a number of memoirs by <em>Dunera<\/em> boys, Daniel Schwartz assumes that Clerque&#8217;s fake collection has been updated according to the principle of the children&#8217;s game &#8220;Chinese whispers&#8221;. As an example, he quotes <em>Dunera<\/em> boy <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9599'>Bertold Irving Meier<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[83]  Quoted from Benzion Patkin \"The Dunera Internees\", Stanmore NSW 1979, page 43f.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>: &#8220;S.C. Clerque, the commander of the German submarine that fired the torpedoes at the <em>Dunera<\/em>, published a book entitled SOS: Rettat Unserer Seelen (&#8216;SOS: Save Our Souls&#8217;)&#8221; (errors taken from the original). Schwartz refers to Meier&#8217;s colportage of Clerque&#8217;s claims, including the nocturnal surfacing, people jumping overboard, etc. etc.<br><br>It was not only the Australian non-fiction author Benzion Patkin who took over a lot of Clerque&#8217;s false information from Meier. It seems that even contemporary witnesses have filled in the gaps in their memories from this source. Unfortunately, the unchecked adoption of the Clerque story continues into the 21st century. For example, Erika von Wietersheim quotes passages in her book, which was published in 2017, about her father Kurt Falk, <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9602'>explicitly citing the Clerque volume<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[84]  Erika von Wietersheim \"Nur 24 Zeilen\" (Only 24 lines), Hamburg 2017, page 97f.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> as a source.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gods_hand_over_the_Dunera\"><\/span><strong>God&#8217;s hand over the Dunera?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is particularly bad when Jewish circles also adopt the Clerque hoax without checking it. The fake story was sometimes expanded, spread online in the age of the internet and linked back and forth by copyists in order to claim conclusiveness. An unfortunate example of this is the recently published or repeated story by David Rosenthal, who refers, among other things, to the war diary of the U-56, which he cannot, however, have read. The article published under the heading &#8220;The Miracle of the <em>Dunera<\/em>&#8221; culminates in the following sentence about the internees: &#8220;The trauma of having their belongings tossed overboard saved their lives.&#8221; He thus makes <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9605'>Clerque&#8217;s lies<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[85]  David Rosenthal on LinkedIn: \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/miracle-dunera-david-rosenthal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Miracle of the Dunera<\/a>\" from April 26, 2020, retrieved Sep 24, 2023; cf. Clerque loc.cit., page 305.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> his own.<br><br>At the end of the article, Rosenthal refers to an article previously published in a Jewish US newspaper by <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9608'>Ira Bauman<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[86]  Ira Baumann \"The Dunera Boys\", published on May 5, 2016 in Jewish Link, retrieved on Sep 25, 2023.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span>, from which Rosenthal obviously &#8220;borrowed&#8221; parts of his article on the submarine legend verbatim, without naming Bauman as the source. The relevant passage ends with the sentence: &#8220;As the story became public, the survivors of the attack realized that the hand of Hashem helped them that day. The vile lot that comprised the crew took their ire out on the poor refugees by tossing overboard much of their belongings. However, if not for that act, 2000 Jewish lives would have been lost.&#8221; This and the subheading &#8220;The Hand of Hashem&#8221; even lend a religious dimension to an event, which never happened.<br><br><em>Dunera<\/em> Boy Hans Marcus commented on the Clerque <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9611'>torpedo legend<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[87]  Hans Marcus, \u201eThe U-Boat Commander and the Dunera\u201c in \u201eDunera News\u201c No. 12, May\/June 1987, page 14.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> as early as 1987: &#8220;It seems none of the people who have heard of this book have ever seen it&#8221;, he alludes to the book and the colportages that emerged from it. He refers, among other things, to the information provided to him by the German navy historian J\u00fcrgen Rohwer and confirmed in the U-56&#8217;s ship&#8217;s log, according to which the appearance of a <span class='reference'><span class='has_reference ref-9614'>destroyer<\/span><span class='ref_tooltip'>[88]  War diary of U-56 loc.cit., entry from July 12.\u00a0 1940, 09.40 am.<span class=\"tooltip_arrow\"><\/span><\/span><\/span> in the immediate vicinity of the <em>Dunera<\/em> would have prompted Captain Otto Harms to give the order for U-56 to dive in order to disappear from the now threatening scene &#8211; instead of sticking to Clerque and accompanying the <em>Dunera<\/em> anywhere in order to protect her from his own comrades.<br><br><strong>To summarize: The book &#8220;SOS: Rettet unsere Seelen&#8221; by &#8220;S. Ch. Clerque&#8221; is a penny dreadful disguised as a hardcover, which propagates nationalist and National Socialist ideology and racism, falsifies historical facts, whitewashes questionable soldiering in a militaristic manner, and trivializes wars and National Socialism. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-3e41869c wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button post-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-align-center wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-1\/\">Part 1: Introduction<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button post-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-align-center wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-2\/\">Part 2: The torpedo legend<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button post-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-align-center wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-3\/\">Part 3: Memorandum Camp 7<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button post-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-align-center wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journeypart-4\/\">Part 4:  Statement Camp 8<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button post-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-align-center wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/ther-duneras-journeypart-5\/\">Part 5:  Letters from Lt.Col. Scott<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button post-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-align-center wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journey-2\/\">Part 6: About Dr. Lt. Brooks<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button post-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-align-center wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/dunera.de\/en\/the-duneras-journey-part-7\/\">Part 7: George&#8217;s diary<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Footnotes\"><\/span>Footnotes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>show<\/summary>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/details>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Part 2: Background to the legend of a German submarine that allegedly protected the Dunera.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":5266,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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